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Psychology Paper 1 Content > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is abnormality?

A

A psychological or behavioural state leading to impairment of interpersonal function and/or distress to others.

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2
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Behaviour that deviates from the accepted social rules.

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3
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

An inability to cope with day to day living.

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4
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Failure to meet the criteria for perfect psychological wellbeing.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics for ideal mental health?

A

Positive attitude towards oneself
Self Actualisation
Autonomy
Resisting stress
Accurate perception of reality
Environmental Mastery

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6
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Behaviours that are statistically rare.

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7
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Anxiety disorders characterised by extreme irrational fears.

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8
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of phobias?

A

Avoidant/Anxiety response- confrontation with feared objects produce high anxiety responses so efforts ae made to avoid them

Disruption of functioning- anxiety and avoidance responses are so extreme that they severely interfere with the ability to conduct everyday working and social functioning

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9
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of phobias?

A

Persistent excessive fear- phobias produce high levels of anxiety.

Fear from exposure to phobic stimulus- phobias produce an immediate fear response, even panic attacks, due to the presentation of the phobic object or situation

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10
Q

What is the cognitive symptoms of phobias?

A

Recognition of exaggerated anxiety- generally phobics are aware that their fears are irrational.

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11
Q

What is depression?

A

A mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness.

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12
Q

What is unipolar depresision?

A

A form of depression occurring without mania.

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13
Q

What is bipolar depression?

A

A form of depression characterised by periods of heightened moods and periods of despondency and hopelessness.

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14
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Loss of energy
Social impairment
Weight changes
Poor personal hygiene
Poor sleep patterns

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15
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Loss of enthusiasm
Constant depressed mood
Feelings of worthlessness

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16
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Delusions
Reduced concentrations
Thoughts of death
Poor memory

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17
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of bipolar depression?

A

High energy levels
Reckless behaviour
Talkative

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18
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of bipolar depression?

A

Elevated mood states
Irritability
Lack of guilt

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19
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression?

A

Delusions
Irrational thought process

20
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder (OCD)?

A

Anxiety disorder characterised by persistent, recurrent, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive, ritualistic behaviours.

21
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of obsessions?

A

Hindering everyday functioning
Social impairment

22
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of obsessions?

A

Extreme anxiety

23
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of obsessions?

A

Recurrent and persistent thoughts
Recognised as self generated
Realisation of inappropriateness
Attentional bias

24
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of complusions?

A

Repetitive behaviours
Hinder everyday functioning
Social impairment

25
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of compulsions?

A

Distress

26
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of compulsions?

A

Uncontrallable urges
Realisation of inappropriateness

27
Q

What is the behaviourist approach to explaining and treating phobias?

A

The perception of phobias as occuring through learning processes with treatments based upon modifying maladaptive behaviour through substitution of new responses.

28
Q

What is the two process model?

A

The perception of phobias as acquired through classical conditioning and social learning with their maintenance upheld through operant conditioning.

29
Q

What are the ways you can treat phobias?

A

Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

30
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A behavioural therapy for treating anxiety disorders in which the sufferer learns relaxation techniques and then faces a progressive hierarchy of exposure to the objects and situations that cause anxiety.

31
Q

What is Flooding?

A

A behavioural therapy used to remove phobias through direct confrontation of feared object or situation.

32
Q

What is the cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression?

A

The perception of depression as determined through maladaptive thought process with treatments to alter behavioural and emotional states.

33
Q

What is Beck’s negative triad?

A

A model of cognitive biases which are characteristic features of depression. The triad consists of three elements, pessimistic thought patterns about the self, the world and the future.

34
Q

What are the negative shcemas?

A

Ineptness schemas-make depressives expect to fail

Self-Blame schemas-make depressives feel responsible for all misfortunes

Negative self-evaluation schemas- constantly remind depressives of their worthlessness

35
Q

What are the cognitive biases?

A

Arbitrary interference-conclusions drawn in the absence of evidence

Selective abstraction- Conclusions drawn from just one part of situation

Overgeneralisation- Sweeping conclusions of the basis of one event

Magnification and Minimisation- exaggerations in evaluations of ones performance.

36
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC model?

A

An explanation that sees depression occurring through an activating agent, a belief and a consequence.

37
Q

What are the alternative explanations for depression?

A

Genetic explanation
Idea that the vulnerability to depression is inherited

38
Q

What are the different treatments to depressions?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(CBT)

Rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT)

39
Q

What is CBT?

A

CBT is the main psychological treatment for depression and is based on the cognitive model which sees abnormal behaviour as caused by disordered thought processes. CBT assists patients to identify irrational and maladaptive thoughts and alter them.

40
Q

What is REBT?

A

Involves making patients’ irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive. Involves reframing, and challenging negative thoughts by interpreting the ABC in a more positive logical way.

41
Q

What is the biological approach to explaining and treating OCD?

A

The perception of OCD as determined by physiological means with treatments based upon chemical means.

42
Q

What is the biological approach to explaining and treating OCD comprised of?

A

The genetic explanation
Neural explanations

43
Q

What is the genetic explanation to explain OCD?

A

The perception of OCD as transmitted through inherited factors.

44
Q

What are the neural explanations for OCD?

A
  • Breakdown in immune system functioning
  • low levels of serotonin activity
  • high orbital frontal cortex activity
45
Q

What is the biological approach to treating OCD?

A

Treatments based on the idea of correcting the biological abnormalities seen as causing OCD.

46
Q

What are the different drug therapies for OCD?

A
  • Antidepressants such as SSRIs which elevate levels of serotonin and cause orbital frontal cortex to function normally
  • most common SSRI for adults is Fluoxetine
47
Q

What are other treatments of OCD?

A
  • Psychosurgery, involves destroying the brain tissue to disrupt the cortcio-striatal circuit by the use of radio frequency waves.

-CBT

Psychology Paper 1 Content (4 decks)

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