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yr 12 psychology revision > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A

-F2FA
-statistical infrequency
-deviation from social norms
-deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

Define statistical infrequency

A

Numerically unusual behaviour/characteristic

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3
Q

Give an example of statistical infrequency

A

IDD (intellectual disability disorder)
IQ below 70% (bottom 2% of people)

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4
Q

A03 of statistical infrequency = Real-world application

A

Useful in diagnosis (e.g. IDD)
Useful in assessment (e.g. BDI for depression)

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5
Q

A03 of statistical infrequency = unusual characteristics can be positive

A

-limitation
-unusual characteristics = both +ve & -ve
-some unusual characteristics = are not judged as abnormal e.g. high IQ

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6
Q

define deviation from social norms

A

When someone goes against/ behaves in a way that society does deem ‘normal’

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7
Q

explains what is meant by culture-specific norms

A

What is seem as ‘normal’ in one culture might be judged differently by another culture (e.g. homosexuality)

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8
Q

Give an example of deviation from social norms

A

antisocial personality disorder:
-impulsive
-aggressive
-irresponsible behaviour

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9
Q

A03 of deviation from social norms = real-world application

A

-strength
-useful for diagnosis of some disorders e.g Antisocial and schizotypal personality disorder

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10
Q

A03 of deviation from social norms = cultural & situational relativism

A

-limitation
-different standards = hard to make social judgements
-one cultural group labeling another using their standard’s alone

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11
Q

Define failure to function adequately

A

When someone is unable to cope with the demands of every day life

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12
Q

What psychologists are linked to F2FA ?

A

Rosenhan
Seligman

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13
Q

What did Rosenhan & Seligman suggest someone shows when they are failing?

A

-non-conformity to social rules
-personal distress
-severe distress
-danger to self/others

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14
Q

Give an example of F2FA

A

Intellectual disability disorder (IDD)
-F2F = part of diagnosis for IDD
-low IQ also

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15
Q

A03 of F2FA = Represents a threshold for help

A

-strength
-provides a way of identifying who needs professional help

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16
Q

A03 of F2FA = Discrimination & social control

A

-limitation
-may lead to people who live ‘non-standard’ lifestyles being judged as abnormal

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17
Q

Define deviation from ideal mental health

A

When someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

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18
Q

Who came up with the criteria for ‘ideal mental health’ ?

A

Jahoda

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19
Q

What does ‘ideal mental health’ look like according to Jahoda?

A

-coping with stress
-rationality
-self-actualisation
-realistic world-view

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20
Q

A03 of deviation from ideal mental health = A comprehensive definition

A

-strength
-helps distinguish mental health from illness
-includes most reasons why people seek help

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21
Q

A03 of deviation from ideal mental health = May be culture-bound

A

-limitation
-some ideas = specific to western culture (e.g. self-actualisation)
-independence varies across cultures

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22
Q

Define what a phobia is

A

An irrational fear of an object/situation

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23
Q

What are behavioural characteristics?

A

Ways in which we act

24
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

-Avoidance
-Panic
-Endurance

25
Q

What are emotional characteristics?

A

How we feel/our mood

26
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

-Fear
-Anxiety
-Emotional response = unreasonable

27
Q

What are cognitive characteristics?

A

How we think

28
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

-Selective attention (SA)
-Irrational beliefs (IB)
-Cognitive distortions (CD)

29
Q

What model is used in the behavioural approach to explain phobias?

A

The two-process model (2PM)

30
Q

Who came up with the 2PM?

A

Mowrer

31
Q

What two types of conditioning does the 2PM model use?

A

-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning

32
Q

Relating to the 2PM, explain classical conditioning in terms of phobias

A

classical conditioning is about acquiring phobias

UCS = UCR
NS + UCS =UCR
CS = CR

33
Q

What are the 3 parts to operant conditioning (2PM)?

A

-Positive reinforcement
-Negative reinforcement (avoiding -ve stimulus = maintain phobia)
-Punishment

34
Q

Relating to the 2PM, explain operant conditioning in terms of phobias

A

operant conditioning means that phobias are maintained/continued

35
Q

Who is the case study used in classical conditioning of phobias, of the 2PM?

A

Little Albert (9-Month-Old baby)

36
Q

Explain how little Albert acquired the phobia of rats, using classical conditioning (2PM)

A

UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear)
NS (rat) + UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear)
CS (rat) = CR (fear)

37
Q

Which 2 psychologists studied little Albert?

A

Watson & Rayner

38
Q

A03 of 2PM = real-world application

A

-Strength
-Phobias = successfully treated via avoidance, as suggested by model
-Can be applied to real world = useful

39
Q

A03 of 2PM = cognitive aspects of phobias

A

-limitation
-ignores cog factors e.g irrational fears

40
Q

A03 of 2PM = Phobias and traumatic experiences

A

-strength
-frightening experience can = phobia
-Ad De Jongh et al 73% with dental phobia = had past trauma , compared it to control group, 21% = had trauma but no phobia

41
Q

A03 of 2PM = Counterpoint of phobias/traumatic experiences

A

-limitation
-not all cases of phobias lead to bad experiences
-not all bad experiences lead to phobias
example: many people = snake phobia = without ever coming into contact with one

42
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A

-Anger
-low mood
-low self-esteem

43
Q

What is depression?

A

A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

44
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

-Activity levels
-disruption to eating/sleeping
-aggression and self-harm

45
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

-Absolutist thinking
-Attending to dwell on negative
-Poor concentration

46
Q

Define OCD

A

A condition characterised by obsessions and/or compulsive behaviour

47
Q

Are obsessions behavioural or cognitive?

A

Cognitive

48
Q

Are compulsions cognitive or behavioural?

A

Behavioural

49
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

-Compulsions are repetitive
-Compulsions reduce anxiety
-Avoidance

50
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

-Guilt and disgust
-Anxiety and distress
-Accompanying depression

51
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

-Obsessive thoughts
-Cognitive coping strategies
-Insight into excessive anxiety

52
Q

What are the 2 way to treat phobias?

A

-Flooding
-Systematic desensitisation (SD)

53
Q

define counterconditioning

A

learning of a different response (e.g. replacing fear with relaxation)

54
Q

Define systematic desensitisation

A

A behavioural therapy technique that gradually reduces the anxiety of a phobic stimulus

55
Q

What are the 3 parts to systematic desensitisation?

A

-Anxiety hierarchy (rank situations of phobia stimulus, least-most frightening)

-Relaxation (mental imagery techniques)
-reciprocal inhibition (impossible to be afraid + relaxed at same time)

-Exposure (come into contact with phobic stimulus)

yr 12 psychology revision (5 decks)

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