psychopathology

Question 1

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

Answer 1

-F2FA
-statistical infrequency
-deviation from social norms
-deviation from ideal mental health

Question 2

Define statistical infrequency

Answer 2

Numerically unusual behaviour/characteristic

Question 3

Give an example of statistical infrequency

Answer 3

IDD (intellectual disability disorder)
IQ below 70% (bottom 2% of people)

Question 4

A03 of statistical infrequency = Real-world application

Answer 4

Useful in diagnosis (e.g. IDD)
Useful in assessment (e.g. BDI for depression)

Question 5

A03 of statistical infrequency = unusual characteristics can be positive

Answer 5

-limitation
-unusual characteristics = both +ve & -ve
-some unusual characteristics = are not judged as abnormal e.g. high IQ

Question 6

define deviation from social norms

Answer 6

When someone goes against/ behaves in a way that society does deem ‘normal’

Question 7

explains what is meant by culture-specific norms

Answer 7

What is seem as ‘normal’ in one culture might be judged differently by another culture (e.g. homosexuality)

Question 8

Give an example of deviation from social norms

Answer 8

antisocial personality disorder:
-impulsive
-aggressive
-irresponsible behaviour

Question 9

A03 of deviation from social norms = real-world application

Answer 9

-strength
-useful for diagnosis of some disorders e.g Antisocial and schizotypal personality disorder

Question 10

A03 of deviation from social norms = cultural & situational relativism

Answer 10

-limitation
-different standards = hard to make social judgements
-one cultural group labeling another using their standard’s alone

Question 11

Define failure to function adequately

Answer 11

When someone is unable to cope with the demands of every day life

Question 12

What psychologists are linked to F2FA ?

Answer 12

Rosenhan
Seligman

Question 13

What did Rosenhan & Seligman suggest someone shows when they are failing?

Answer 13

-non-conformity to social rules
-personal distress
-severe distress
-danger to self/others

Question 14

Give an example of F2FA

Answer 14

Intellectual disability disorder (IDD)
-F2F = part of diagnosis for IDD
-low IQ also

Question 15

A03 of F2FA = Represents a threshold for help

Answer 15

-strength
-provides a way of identifying who needs professional help

Question 16

A03 of F2FA = Discrimination & social control

Answer 16

-limitation
-may lead to people who live ‘non-standard’ lifestyles being judged as abnormal

Question 17

Define deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 17

When someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

Question 18

Who came up with the criteria for ‘ideal mental health’ ?

Answer 18

Jahoda

Question 19

What does ‘ideal mental health’ look like according to Jahoda?

Answer 19

-coping with stress
-rationality
-self-actualisation
-realistic world-view

Question 20

A03 of deviation from ideal mental health = A comprehensive definition

Answer 20

-strength
-helps distinguish mental health from illness
-includes most reasons why people seek help

Question 21

A03 of deviation from ideal mental health = May be culture-bound

Answer 21

-limitation
-some ideas = specific to western culture (e.g. self-actualisation)
-independence varies across cultures

Question 22

Define what a phobia is

Answer 22

An irrational fear of an object/situation

Question 23

What are behavioural characteristics?

Answer 23

Ways in which we act

Question 24

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

Answer 24

-Avoidance
-Panic
-Endurance

Question 25

What are emotional characteristics?

Answer 25

How we feel/our mood

Question 26

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

Answer 26

-Fear -Anxiety -Emotional response = unreasonable

Question 27

What are cognitive characteristics?

Answer 27

How we think

Question 28

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

Answer 28

-Selective attention (SA) -Irrational beliefs (IB) -Cognitive distortions (CD)

Question 29

What model is used in the behavioural approach to explain phobias?

Answer 29

The two-process model (2PM)

Question 30

Who came up with the 2PM?

Answer 30

Mowrer

Question 31

What two types of conditioning does the 2PM model use?

Answer 31

-classical conditioning -operant conditioning

Question 32

Relating to the 2PM, explain classical conditioning in terms of phobias

Answer 32

classical conditioning is about acquiring phobias UCS = UCR NS + UCS =UCR CS = CR

Question 33

What are the 3 parts to operant conditioning (2PM)?

Answer 33

-Positive reinforcement -Negative reinforcement (avoiding -ve stimulus = maintain phobia) -Punishment

Question 34

Relating to the 2PM, explain operant conditioning in terms of phobias

Answer 34

operant conditioning means that phobias are maintained/continued

Question 35

Who is the case study used in classical conditioning of phobias, of the 2PM?

Answer 35

Little Albert (9-Month-Old baby)

Question 36

Explain how little Albert acquired the phobia of rats, using classical conditioning (2PM)

Answer 36

UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear) NS (rat) + UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear) CS (rat) = CR (fear)

Question 37

Which 2 psychologists studied little Albert?

Answer 37

Watson & Rayner

Question 38

A03 of 2PM = real-world application

Answer 38

-Strength -Phobias = successfully treated via avoidance, as suggested by model -Can be applied to real world = useful

Question 39

A03 of 2PM = cognitive aspects of phobias

Answer 39

-limitation -ignores cog factors e.g irrational fears

Question 40

A03 of 2PM = Phobias and traumatic experiences

Answer 40

-strength -frightening experience can = phobia -Ad De Jongh et al 73% with dental phobia = had past trauma , compared it to control group, 21% = had trauma but no phobia

Question 41

A03 of 2PM = Counterpoint of phobias/traumatic experiences

Answer 41

-limitation -not all cases of phobias lead to bad experiences -not all bad experiences lead to phobias example: many people = snake phobia = without ever coming into contact with one

Question 42

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

Answer 42

-Anger -low mood -low self-esteem

Question 43

What is depression?

Answer 43

A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

Question 44

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

Answer 44

-Activity levels -disruption to eating/sleeping -aggression and self-harm

Question 45

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

Answer 45

-Absolutist thinking -Attending to dwell on negative -Poor concentration

Question 46

Define OCD

Answer 46

A condition characterised by obsessions and/or compulsive behaviour

Question 47

Are obsessions behavioural or cognitive?

Answer 47

Cognitive

Question 48

Are compulsions cognitive or behavioural?

Answer 48

Behavioural

Question 49

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

Answer 49

-Compulsions are repetitive -Compulsions reduce anxiety -Avoidance

Question 50

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

Answer 50

-Guilt and disgust -Anxiety and distress -Accompanying depression

Question 51

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Answer 51

-Obsessive thoughts -Cognitive coping strategies -Insight into excessive anxiety

Question 52

What are the 2 way to treat phobias?

Answer 52

-Flooding -Systematic desensitisation (SD)

Question 53

define counterconditioning

Answer 53

learning of a different response (e.g. replacing fear with relaxation)

Question 54

Define systematic desensitisation

Answer 54

A behavioural therapy technique that gradually reduces the anxiety of a phobic stimulus

Question 55

What are the 3 parts to systematic desensitisation?

Answer 55

-Anxiety hierarchy (rank situations of phobia stimulus, least-most frightening) -Relaxation (mental imagery techniques) -reciprocal inhibition (impossible to be afraid + relaxed at same time) -Exposure (come into contact with phobic stimulus)