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yr 12 psychology revision > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 7 approaches in psychology?

A

-Behaviourist
-SLT (Social Learning Theory)
-Cognitive
-Biological
-Biopsychology
-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic

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2
Q

In the behaviourist approach what are the 2 types of conditioning?

A

-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

define operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement

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5
Q

What is the classical conditioning formula?

A

UCS = UCR
UCS + NS = UCR
CS = CR

UCS = unconditioned stimulus
UCR = unconditioned response
NS = neutral stimulus
CS = conditioned stimulus
CR = conditioned response

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6
Q

what are the 3 parts of operant conditioning?

A

-Positive reinforcement
-Negative reinforcement
-Punishment

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7
Q

define positive reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
e.g a teacher rewarding a student with a star or tick on work

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8
Q

define negative reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring , takes an unpleasant stimulus away
e.g taking away a curfew or detracting a detention

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9
Q

define punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
e.g teacher telling off a pupil for disruptive behaviour

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10
Q

what are the 2 main psychologists in the behaviourist approach?

A

-Pavlov (dogs-classical conditioning)
-Skinner (rats-operant conditioning)

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11
Q

AO3 of Behaviourist approach = well-controlled research

A

-Strength
-observable behaviour
-highly controlled lab setting
EVs removed by breaking down behaviour into basic stimulus-response units

-Use skinner as example- clearly demonstrated reinforcement + animals
-Behaviourist experiments = scientific credibility

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12
Q

A03 of behaviourist approach = Counterpoint of well-controlled research

A

-Oversimplified learning process
-Ignored important influences on learning
-SLT and Cognitive = mental processes in learning
-suggests learning = more complex than observable behav alone

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13
Q

A03 of behaviourist approach = real-world application

A

-Strength
-operant conditioning = basis of TOKEN ECONOMY SYSTEMS (e.g. prisons/psychiatric wards)
-Work by rewarding behaviour with tokens = exchanged for privileges

-classical conditioning applied to treatment of phobias

-widespread application = increases value of approach

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14
Q

A03 of behavioural approach = Environmental determinism

A

-limitation
-sees all behaviour = conditioned by past conditioning experiences

-Our past experiences = determine the outcome of our behaviour, not our choice

-IGNORES free will
-IGNORES conscious decision-making processes on behaviour

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15
Q

Define SLT

A

People learn through experience, OBSERVATION and IMITATION

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16
Q

Define vicarious reinforcement (SLT)

A

Observing someone else being reinforced for their behaviour

Occurs indirectly

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17
Q

What are the 4 mediational processes (SLT)?

A

ARMM
Attention: The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

Retention: How well the behaviour is remembered

Motor reproduction: The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

Motivation: The will to perform the behaviour (often determined by reward or punishment)

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18
Q

Who is the key psychologist in SLT?

A

Bandura

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19
Q

AO3 of SLT = cognitive factors

A

-Strength
-More comprehensive account of learning than proposed by the behaviourist approach

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20
Q

A03 of SLT = Counterpoint of cog factors

A

-limitation
-Underestimates influence of bio, SLT involves mirror neurons in brain

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21
Q

AO3 of SLT = Real-world application

A

-Strength
-SLT can account for development of cultural differences e.g in gender role

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22
Q

Define cognitive approach

A

The study of internal mental processes

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23
Q

Define Schema

A

A framework of mental beliefs that are derived from experience

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24
Q

What are theoretical and computer models in cog approach?

A

-Information processing approach
-Mind is like computer = applied to AI

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25
Q

Define cog neuroscience

A

Scientific study of how brain structures affect mental processes

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26
Q

Name a brain imaging technique used in cog neuroscience

A

fMRI

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27
Q

A03 cog approach = scientific methods

A

-Strength
-Lab studies = reliable, objective data
-cog neuroscience = scientific

28
Q

A03 cog approach = Counterpoint of scientific methods

A

-Limitation
-Use of inference + artificial stimuli = low external validity

29
Q

A03 cog approach = Machine reductionism

A

-Limitation
-Computer analogy = too simple
-ignores influence of emotion, e.g. effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony

30
Q

Define biological approach

A

-Everything psychological is at 1st biological
-Mind and body = 1 of same
-Innate , pre-determined

30
Q

Define biological approach

A

-Everything psychological is at 1st biological
-Mind and body = 1 of same
-Innate , pre-determined

31
Q

Explain neurochemical basis of behaviour

A

-Thoughts + behaviours = depend on chemicals
e.g. neurotrasnmitters = serotonin

32
Q

Explain genetic basis of behaviour

A

-Concordance between MZ and DZ twins shows genetic basis of psychological characteristics

33
Q

Define genotype

A

The particular set of genes a person possesses

34
Q

Define phenotype

A

Genotype + environment

35
Q

Define evolution

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a bio pop over successive generations

36
Q

Explain evolution and behaviour

A

-Natural selection
-Survival rate
-Survival of fittest
-Reproductive success

37
Q

A03 of bio approach = real-world application

A

-Strength
-Understanding biochemical processes = associated with development of psychoactive drugs

38
Q

A03 of bio approach = Counterpoint of real-world application

A

-Limitation
-Antidepressants = do not work for everyone (Cipriani et al)

39
Q

A03 of bio approach = Bio determinism

A

-Limitation
-Sees human behaviour as governed by internal genetically-determined factors
-Oversimplification

40
Q

A03 of bio approach = Bio determinism

A

-Limitation
-Sees human behaviour as governed by internal genetically-determined factors
-Oversimplification

41
Q

Define bio-psych approach

A

Two main physiological systems that regulate behaviour; The nervous system + Endocrine system

42
Q

Define NS system

A

A specialised network of cells, fast-acting and electrical (and chemical) internal communication system

43
Q

Define CNS

A

-Central nervous system
-Brain = divided into hemispheres, cerebral cortex (outer layer)- 3mm thick

-Spinal Cord = connects brain to PNS, reflexes

44
Q

What 2 parts make up the CNS?

A

-Brain
-Spinal Cord

45
Q

Define PNS (peripheral NS)

A

ANS: governs vital functions
SNS: Muscle movement + sensory info

46
Q

How are hormones carried around the body?

A

Via bloodstream

47
Q

Define psychodynamic approach

A

Behaviour = determined by unconscious = cannot control

48
Q

Define ‘role of the unconscious’

A

conscious mind = ‘tip of iceberg’

49
Q

How parts to the personality are there?

A

-ID
-Ego
-Superego

50
Q

Define ID

A

-primitive part
-pleasure principle
-immediate gratification

51
Q

Define Ego

A

-reality principle
-protected by defense mechanisms (repression, denial, displacement)

52
Q

Define Superego

A

-morality principle
-sense of right + wrong
-formed at age 5

53
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?

A

-Oral
-Age
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital

54
Q

How do we remember the 5 psychosexual stages of development?

A

-Old
-Age
-Pensioners
-Love
-Guinness

55
Q

A03 of psycho approach- Real-world application

A

-Strength
-New form of therapy (psychoanalysis), forerunner to talking therapies

56
Q

A03 of psycho approach- Counterpoint of real-world application

A

-Limitation
-Not suitable for all mental disorders = Schizophrenia

57
Q

A03 of psycho approach- Untestable concepts

A

-Limitation
-Much of theory = falsifiable
-Based of Case studies (Little Hans)
-Pseudoscientific

58
Q

Define humanistic approach

A

-People are active agents who are self-determined
-Free will
-3rd force in psychology

59
Q

Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

5 levels;
5) Top = self-actualisation
4) self-esteem
3) love and belongingness
2) safety and security
1) Bottom = physiological

60
Q

Define self-actualisation

A

An innate tendency to want to reach your full potential, subjective

61
Q

Define congruence

A

When the ideal self matches your self-concept

62
Q

Define conditions of worth

A

‘I will only love you if …’

63
Q

A03 of humanistic approach = not reductionist

A

Emphasis placed on whole person = holism

64
Q

A03 of humanistic approach = Counterpoint of not reductionist

A

-Limitation
-Concepts cannot be observed/ measured = approach lacks empirical evidence

65
Q

A03 of humanistic approach = positive approach

A

-Strength
-Optimistic approach that sees people as incontrol

66
Q

A03 of humanistic approach = western bias

A

-Limitation
-Associated with individualism not community

yr 12 psychology revision (5 decks)

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