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yr 12 psychology revision > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 7 approaches in psychology?

A

-Behaviourist
-SLT (Social Learning Theory)
-Cognitive
-Biological
-Biopsychology
-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic

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2
Q

In the behaviourist approach what are the 2 types of conditioning?

A

-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

define operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement

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5
Q

What is the classical conditioning formula?

A

UCS = UCR
UCS + NS = UCR
CS = CR

UCS = unconditioned stimulus
UCR = unconditioned response
NS = neutral stimulus
CS = conditioned stimulus
CR = conditioned response

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6
Q

what are the 3 parts of operant conditioning?

A

-Positive reinforcement
-Negative reinforcement
-Punishment

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7
Q

define positive reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
e.g a teacher rewarding a student with a star or tick on work

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8
Q

define negative reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring , takes an unpleasant stimulus away
e.g taking away a curfew or detracting a detention

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9
Q

define punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again
e.g teacher telling off a pupil for disruptive behaviour

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10
Q

what are the 2 main psychologists in the behaviourist approach?

A

-Pavlov (dogs-classical conditioning)
-Skinner (rats-operant conditioning)

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11
Q

AO3 of Behaviourist approach = well-controlled research

A

-Strength
-observable behaviour
-highly controlled lab setting
EVs removed by breaking down behaviour into basic stimulus-response units

-Use skinner as example- clearly demonstrated reinforcement + animals
-Behaviourist experiments = scientific credibility

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12
Q

A03 of behaviourist approach = Counterpoint of well-controlled research

A

-Oversimplified learning process
-Ignored important influences on learning
-SLT and Cognitive = mental processes in learning
-suggests learning = more complex than observable behav alone

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13
Q

A03 of behaviourist approach = real-world application

A

-Strength
-operant conditioning = basis of TOKEN ECONOMY SYSTEMS (e.g. prisons/psychiatric wards)
-Work by rewarding behaviour with tokens = exchanged for privileges

-classical conditioning applied to treatment of phobias

-widespread application = increases value of approach

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14
Q

A03 of behavioural approach = Environmental determinism

A

-limitation
-sees all behaviour = conditioned by past conditioning experiences

-Our past experiences = determine the outcome of our behaviour, not our choice

-IGNORES free will
-IGNORES conscious decision-making processes on behaviour

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15
Q

Define SLT

A

People learn through experience, OBSERVATION and IMITATION

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16
Q

Define vicarious reinforcement (SLT)

A

Observing someone else being reinforced for their behaviour

Occurs indirectly

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17
Q

What are the 4 mediational processes (SLT)?

A

ARMM
Attention: The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

Retention: How well the behaviour is remembered

Motor reproduction: The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

Motivation: The will to perform the behaviour (often determined by reward or punishment)

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18
Q

Who is the key psychologist in SLT?

A

Bandura

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19
Q

AO3 of SLT = cognitive factors

A

-Strength
-More comprehensive account of learning than proposed by the behaviourist approach

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20
Q

A03 of SLT = Counterpoint of cog factors

A

-limitation
-Underestimates influence of bio, SLT involves mirror neurons in brain

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21
Q

AO3 of SLT = Real-world application

A

-Strength
-SLT can account for development of cultural differences e.g in gender role

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22
Q

Define cognitive approach

A

The study of internal mental processes

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23
Q

Define Schema

A

A framework of mental beliefs that are derived from experience

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24
Q

What are theoretical and computer models in cog approach?

A

-Information processing approach
-Mind is like computer = applied to AI

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25
Define cog neuroscience
Scientific study of how brain structures affect mental processes
26
Name a brain imaging technique used in cog neuroscience
fMRI
27
A03 cog approach = scientific methods
-Strength -Lab studies = reliable, objective data -cog neuroscience = scientific
28
A03 cog approach = Counterpoint of scientific methods
-Limitation -Use of inference + artificial stimuli = low external validity
29
A03 cog approach = Machine reductionism
-Limitation -Computer analogy = too simple -ignores influence of emotion, e.g. effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony
30
Define biological approach
-Everything psychological is at 1st biological -Mind and body = 1 of same -Innate , pre-determined
30
Define biological approach
-Everything psychological is at 1st biological -Mind and body = 1 of same -Innate , pre-determined
31
Explain neurochemical basis of behaviour
-Thoughts + behaviours = depend on chemicals e.g. neurotrasnmitters = serotonin
32
Explain genetic basis of behaviour
-Concordance between MZ and DZ twins shows genetic basis of psychological characteristics
33
Define genotype
The particular set of genes a person possesses
34
Define phenotype
Genotype + environment
35
Define evolution
The changes in inherited characteristics in a bio pop over successive generations
36
Explain evolution and behaviour
-Natural selection -Survival rate -Survival of fittest -Reproductive success
37
A03 of bio approach = real-world application
-Strength -Understanding biochemical processes = associated with development of psychoactive drugs
38
A03 of bio approach = Counterpoint of real-world application
-Limitation -Antidepressants = do not work for everyone (Cipriani et al)
39
A03 of bio approach = Bio determinism
-Limitation -Sees human behaviour as governed by internal genetically-determined factors -Oversimplification
40
A03 of bio approach = Bio determinism
-Limitation -Sees human behaviour as governed by internal genetically-determined factors -Oversimplification
41
Define bio-psych approach
Two main physiological systems that regulate behaviour; The nervous system + Endocrine system
42
Define NS system
A specialised network of cells, fast-acting and electrical (and chemical) internal communication system
43
Define CNS
-Central nervous system -Brain = divided into hemispheres, cerebral cortex (outer layer)- 3mm thick -Spinal Cord = connects brain to PNS, reflexes
44
What 2 parts make up the CNS?
-Brain -Spinal Cord
45
Define PNS (peripheral NS)
ANS: governs vital functions SNS: Muscle movement + sensory info
46
How are hormones carried around the body?
Via bloodstream
47
Define psychodynamic approach
Behaviour = determined by unconscious = cannot control
48
Define 'role of the unconscious'
conscious mind = 'tip of iceberg'
49
How parts to the personality are there?
-ID -Ego -Superego
50
Define ID
-primitive part -pleasure principle -immediate gratification
51
Define Ego
-reality principle -protected by defense mechanisms (repression, denial, displacement)
52
Define Superego
-morality principle -sense of right + wrong -formed at age 5
53
What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?
-Oral -Age -Phallic -Latency -Genital
54
How do we remember the 5 psychosexual stages of development?
-Old -Age -Pensioners -Love -Guinness
55
A03 of psycho approach- Real-world application
-Strength -New form of therapy (psychoanalysis), forerunner to talking therapies
56
A03 of psycho approach- Counterpoint of real-world application
-Limitation -Not suitable for all mental disorders = Schizophrenia
57
A03 of psycho approach- Untestable concepts
-Limitation -Much of theory = falsifiable -Based of Case studies (Little Hans) -Pseudoscientific
58
Define humanistic approach
-People are active agents who are self-determined -Free will -3rd force in psychology
59
Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs
5 levels; 5) Top = self-actualisation 4) self-esteem 3) love and belongingness 2) safety and security 1) Bottom = physiological
60
Define self-actualisation
An innate tendency to want to reach your full potential, subjective
61
Define congruence
When the ideal self matches your self-concept
62
Define conditions of worth
'I will only love you if ...'
63
A03 of humanistic approach = not reductionist
Emphasis placed on whole person = holism
64
A03 of humanistic approach = Counterpoint of not reductionist
-Limitation -Concepts cannot be observed/ measured = approach lacks empirical evidence
65
A03 of humanistic approach = positive approach
-Strength -Optimistic approach that sees people as incontrol
66
A03 of humanistic approach = western bias
-Limitation -Associated with individualism not community

yr 12 psychology revision (5 decks)

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