psychopathology

Question 1

definitions of abnormality

Answer 1

statistical infrequency
deviation from social norms
deviation from ideal mental health
failure to function adequately

Question 2

statistical infrequency

Answer 2

definition states that the 5% of the population that fall more than two standard deviations from the mean are abnormal
g mean for IQ=100 so standard deviation is 15 so if score below 70 or above 130=abnormal

Question 3

deviation from social norms

Answer 3

abnormality is when a behaviour doesn’t fit within what is socially acceptable-dependent on culture in which behaviour occurs as social norms across societies differ so what’s abnormal in one culture isnt in another
eg laughing at a funeral=abnormal or paedophilia

Question 4

failure to function adequately

Answer 4

states abnormal behaviour is when an individual isn’t able to cope with everyday life
eg hallucinations are abnormal as they’re distressing to others even if not personally distressing (schizophrenia)

Question 5

deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 5

if there’s an absence of Jahodas criteria for positive mental health this indicated abnormality
eg can’t adapt to new situations or self actualise

Question 6

jahodas criteria

Answer 6

1) positive attitude towards the self
2) self actualisation
3) autonomy
4) resistance to stress
5) environmental mastery (can adapt to new situations)
6) accurate perceptions of reality

Question 7

specific phobia

Answer 7

fear of a certain thing or situation

Question 8

agoraphobia

Answer 8

fear of being outside/in public spaces

Question 9

social anxiety

Answer 9

fear of social situations

Question 10

behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 10

panic
avoidance
endurance (remaining in presence of phobic stimulus but with high levels of anxiety)

Question 11

emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 11

anxiety (unpleasant state of high arousal preventing relaxation and positive emotion)
emotional responses are unreasonable (emotions disproportionate to danger posed by stimuli)

Question 12

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 12

selective attention to phobic stimulus (attention placed on phobic stimulus when identified)
irrational beliefs
cognitive distortions (exaggerated or irrational thought pattern around PS)
recognition of exaggerated anxiety (conscious awareness anxiety levels are overstated)