attachment Flashcards
attachment
defines as a close two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
what behaviours can we use to recognise attachment?
proximity
separation distress
secure base behaviour (when regularly return to A figure while playing)
reciprocity (3marks)
the process in which behaviour is matched during an interaction eg smiling back when someone smiles at us
Brazelton liked reciprocity to a dance where each partner responds to the others moves
from around 3 months C-I interaction tends to be incredibly frequent and involves close attention to eachothers verbal signals and facial expressions-Feldman
international synchrony (3marks)
refers to how a parents speech and infants behaviour become finely synchronised so that they’re in direct response to one another
isabella et al observed 30mothers and infants together and assessed the degree of synchrony and quality mother-infant attachment and found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment
role of the father research support
shaffer and emerson-in 75% of infants studied an attachment was formed with the father by 18months (determined by the fact infants protested when father walked away-sign of attachment)
grossman 2002 carried out a longitudinal study looking at both parents je ahout and it’s relationship to the Q of childrens attachment in their teens-found the quality of fathers play with infants was related to the quality of adolescence attachments (suggests fathers role is more to do with play and stimulation)
shaffer and emerson stages of attachment study
aim-investigate formation of early attachments and the age we form them
method-60 babies (31male) involved all from glasgow and from skilled working class families
babies and mothers visited every month at home for first year and again at 18months
researchers asked mother questions about kind of protest babies showed in seven everyday separations (to measure A and stranger anxiety)
findings-between 25+32 weeks of age 50% of babies showed signed of separation anxiety towards one adult=specific attachment. attachment tended to be the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infants signals (reciprocity)
conclusion-S+E proposed attachments develop in four stages
four stages of A
asocial
indiscriminate attachment
specific attachments
multiple attachments
asocial-age and behaviour
age-0-8weeks
behaviour-similar behaviour to humans and non humans, prefer faces to non faces
indiscriminate-age and behaviour
age-2-7months
behaviour-accept comfort from any adult but prefer familiar people
specific-age and behaviour
age-7-12months
behaviour-show stranger and separation anxiety, primary A to one particular individual-who shows most sensitivity to signals
multiple-age and behaviour
age-1+
behaviour-form secondary A with familiar adults whom they spend time with
lorenz study
aim-investigate imprinting in birds
method-randomly divided clutch of goose eggs (two conditions-condition A half eggs hatched with mothers goose in natural environment, condition B half eggs hatched un incubator and first moving object they saw was lorenz)
findings-incubator group followed lorenz everywhere, control group followed mother (even when groups mixed up)
conclusion-geese imprint on first moving object they see
critical period of few hours after hatching identified or woildnt form attachment
harlow study
aim-investigate attachment in new born rhesus monkeys
method-16monkeys reared with2wire model mothers (two conditions-condition A wire mother who dispensed milk, condition B cloth mother who didn’t dispense milk)
findings-baby monkeys cuddle soft object in preference to wire object regardless of dispensing milk
conclusion-contact comfort more important than food
