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PAPER 1 > PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 defintions of abnormality

A
  • Deviation from Social Norms
  • Failure to Function Adequately
  • Deviation From Ideal Mental Health
  • Statistical Infrequency
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of Social Norms

A

Implicit and Explicit

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3
Q

What are Implicit Social Norms

A

Norms that are not directly tought or obvioulsy stated E.g. Personal Space

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4
Q

What are Explicit Social Norms

A

Norms that are taught and are often part of the law E.g. Assult

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5
Q

What are 2 criticisms of deviation from social norms

A
  • Change over time e.g homosexuality = era dependant

- changes over culture e.g eating dog in china acceptable England not = difficulty in generalising across cultures

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6
Q

What is a counter criticism of deviation from social norms

A

-behaviour is context dependant E.g naked at a swimming pool abnormal naked at nudist beach normal = definition takes into account context of behaviour

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7
Q

What is the Global Assessment Functioning Scale (GAF)

A

A measurement used to define whether a person is Abnormal or not

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8
Q

What are Rosenhams 7 features to be seen as Abnormal

A
  • Personal Distress
  • Maladaptive Behaviour
  • Unpredictability
  • Irationality
  • Observer Discomfort
  • Violation of Moral Standards
  • Unconventionality
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9
Q

Define Personal Distress

A

A key feature of abnormality includes Depression and Anxiety

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10
Q

Define Maladaptive Behaviour

A

Behaviour Which stops individuals from reaching life goals

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11
Q

Define Unpredictability

A

Displaying unexpected behaviours characterised by a loss of control

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12
Q

Define Irrationality

A

Displaying behaviour which cannot be explained in a rational way

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13
Q

Define Observer Discomfort

A

Displaying Behaviour Which causes discomfort to those witnessing it

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14
Q

Define Violation of Moral Standards

A

Behaviour which goes against societys moral standards

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15
Q

Define Unconventionaity

A

Bahaviours which violate norms

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16
Q

What is a limitation of evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

-Culture dependant E.g behaviour in one culture will be accepted in another country will be frowned upon= not generalise to all cultures

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17
Q

What is a Strength of evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

-asses degree of abnormally E.g GAF scored on a continuous scale = practical applications

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18
Q

What were Jahodas 6 criterias for Ideal Mental Health

A
  • Personal Growth
  • Reality Percerption
  • Autonomy
  • Intergration
  • Self Attitudes
  • Environmental mastery
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19
Q

Define Personal Growth

A

Self Actualisation should reach full potential

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20
Q

Define Reality Perception

A

Should know what is real

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21
Q

Define Autonomy

A

Should be Inderpendant

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22
Q

Define Environmental Mastry

A

Be able to cope in your environment

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23
Q

What is a Limitation of deviation from idea mental health

A

-Jahodas criteria is subjective E.g measuring mental illness relies on self report from patients is unreliable = DIMH is flawed

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24
Q

What is a Strength of deviation from idea mental health

A

Praised for its holistic approach E.g considers individual as whole = suitable and realistic definition

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25
Q

What is staistical Infrequency

A

Behaviour that devaites from the statistical norm or average

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26
Q

What is a strength of Statistical Infequency

A

Not all behaviours which are statistical infrequent are abnormal e.g., Albert Einstein level of IQ was abnormal but hes not seen as abnomal= definition may be a flawed definition of psychopathology

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27
Q

What is a Limitation of Statistical Infequency

A

Does not consider cultural factors. E.g., what is considered Statistical normal in one culture may not be in another= Culturally Bias

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28
Q

What is a phobia

A

Irrational fearful response to a specific object or situation

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29
Q

What are the 3 types of Characteristics

A

Behavioural, emotional and Cognitive

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30
Q

What are the 2 bahvioural characteristics

A
  • Avoidance

- Disruption of functioning

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31
Q

What is Avoidance

A

Avoid phobia or stimuli or situation to reduce to chances of anxiety.

32
Q

What is Disruption of Functioning

A

Ability to conduct everyday working and social functioning is impared

33
Q

What are the 2 Emotional characteristics

A
  • Persistent, excessive fear

- physical symptoms

34
Q

What is persistant excessive fear

A

Produces high levels of anxiety to presence or anticipation of feaered objects or situations.

35
Q

Define Physical Symptoms

A

Body changes due to fight or flight

36
Q

What are the 2 Cognitive Characteristics

A
  • Irrational Thought processes

- Maladaptive thought processes

37
Q

What is The Irrational thought processes

A

Marked persistant fear out of proportion to the actual danger posed.

38
Q

Define the Maladaptive Thought processes

A

Overstated Reaction to phobic object or situation

39
Q

What approach is used to explain and treat phobias

A

The Behavioural Approach

40
Q

Which model is used in the behavioural approach

A

The Two-Process Model

41
Q

What are the 2 types of Conditioning

A
  • Classical

- Operant

42
Q

What is Classical Conditioning

A

Learning through association

43
Q

What is Operant Conditioning

A

Learning through Consequence ( Reward and Punishment )

44
Q

What does the Two Process Model consist of

A
  • Operant Conditioning

- Classical Conditioning

45
Q

What does the Two Process Model state

A

phobias are learned by classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning (Mowrer 1960).

46
Q

What are 2 Strengths of the Behavioural Approach The Two Process Model

A
  • Behavioural explanation combined with biological gives us better understanding of phobias. E.g., genetic vulnerability more susceptible to develop phobias=T.S.T Behavioural Approach has enriched our understanding of treatment for phobias.
  • Research supports behavioural approach for Phobias. E.g., Watson was able to classically condition a small child to be phobic of white rats, and a number of white objects=T.S.T Basic Assumptions on which the approach is Externally Valid.
47
Q

What are 2 Limitations of the behavioural Approach The Two Process Model

A
  • Not eveyone who has a negative experience with a simulus develops a phobia. E.g., bitten by a dog as a child no fear displayed as an adult=T.S.T Behavioural Explanation is an incomplete explanation of phobais.
  • Contradicting research with Classical Conditioning. E.g., Munjack Found participants who had experienced a traumatic car related experience did not form a phobia=T.S.T Individual Differences when developing phobias and for some poeple an association is not enough for a phobai to develop.
48
Q

What are 2 types of Behavioural Treatments

A
  • Systematc desensitisation

- Flooding

49
Q

What is Systematic Desensitisation

A

based on the princple that one cannot simutaneously be in a state of relaxation and fear.

50
Q

What are the 3 steps of Systematic Desensitisation

A

Step 1 = Teach phobia suffers relaxation techniques.
Step 2 = Lowests fear situation to the highest.
Step 3 = Wait till Anxiety levels are lower

51
Q

What is Flooding

A

Where a person in Inescapably exposed to teh object of their phobia.

52
Q

What are 2 Limitations of Systematic desensitisation and flooding as behavioural treatments

A
  • Flooding has raised major ethical concerns. E.g., not suitable for patients for health conditions as flooding can increase the risk of heart attacks=T.S.T not applicable to certain groups of patients such os those with heart problems or elderly.
  • Systematic Desensitisation is thought unsuitable for some patients. E.g., Mianly suited those who are willing to learn adn use relaxation=T.S.T SD may not be suitable treatment for a wide Variety of poeple.
53
Q

What is OCD

A

intrusive and uncontrollable thoughts coupled with a need to perform specific acts repeatedly.

54
Q

What are Obsessions

A

Recurrent, intesive thoughts ideas images or impulses that an indivudual has great difficulty to resist.

55
Q

What are Compulsions

A

Irresistable, repetative physical or metnal actions that PPL feel complied to carry out.

56
Q

What are the 3 Biological Approaches to explaining and treating OCD

A
  • Genetic
  • Neural
  • Drug
57
Q

What is Genetic transmission

A

The passing on of genetic material through natural selection E.g Inheritance.

58
Q

What are Candidate Genes

A

genes which create a vulnerability to OCD

59
Q

What are the 2 Candidate genes that are linked with OCD

A
  • COMT

- SERT

60
Q

What does the COMT Gene do

A

Regulates the Production of Neurotransmitter Dopamine which is linked to OCD.

61
Q

What did Tukel 2013 find About the COMT gene

A

More Common in patients which OCD

62
Q

What does the SERT gene do

A

Affects the Transport of Neurotransmitters serotonin which is linked to OCD

63
Q

What did Ozaki 2003 find

A

Muted version of this gene in two unrelated families where 6/7 members had OCD.

64
Q

What does Polygenic mean

A

caused by more then one Gene

65
Q

How is OCD PolyGenic

A

According to Taylor 230 genes are involved in OCD

66
Q

What is a Diathesis Stress

A

The idea a simple link between a gene and a complex disorder such as OCD is unlikely.

67
Q

What is the Neural Explanation

A

OCD patients have abnormal levels of neurotransmitters or abnormal brain structure

68
Q

What 2 barts if the brian are linked to OCD

A
  • Basal Ganglia

- Orbitofrontal Cortex

69
Q

What does the OrbitoFrontal Cortex do

A

sends signals to the Thalmus about things that are worrying E.g germ hazard.

70
Q

What happens when the Basal Ganglia is damaged

A

Fails to supress minnor worry signlas and the Thalamus id Alerted.

71
Q

What is an advantage of the biological approach to explaining and treating OCD

A

-Research to support role of Serotonin in OCD. E.g., Hollander found drugs known as serotonin reuptake inhibitors were successful=T.S.T OCD could be caused by an imbalance in neurotransmitters is plausible.

72
Q

What is an Disadvantage of The Biological Approach to explaining and treating OCD

A

contradicting research as to the true effectiveness of drug treatments. E.g., Foa found while drug Therapy more effective was less effective than CBT alone=T.S.T to see full potential should be combined with CBT

73
Q

What are the 5 main drugs

A
  • Fluoxetine
  • Sertaline
  • Fluvoxamine
  • Anxiolytic
  • Antipsychotics
74
Q

What does Fluoxetine treat, who is it prescribed what are the side effects

A
  • Depression
  • adults and Teenagers
  • Dry mouth, anxiety
75
Q

What does Fluvoxamine treat, who is it prescribed what are the side effects

A
  • OCD, Depression
  • 8 and upwards
  • feeling nervous, restless, insomnia
76
Q

What does Antipsychotics treat, who is it prescribed what are the side effects

A
  • SZH
  • 5 years onwards
  • drowsieness, gain weight, low blood levels.
77
Q

What is an advantage of The Biological Approach to explaining and treating OCD

A

Side effects, E.g., SRIs unpleasant side effects such as impotence, weight gain=T.S.T not suitable for all patients.

PAPER 1 (4 decks)

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