MEMORY Flashcards
What are the 3 types of memory
Short term, long term and sensory register
What are the 3 Key features of Memory
- Capacity
- Duration
- Coding
What does Duration mean
How long memory lasts
What does capacity mean
How much can be held in our memory
What does coding mean
How information is stored
What are the 2 models of memory
- multi-store model of memory
- working memory model
Who studied into STM
Jacobs (1887)
What did Jacobs find
- average digit span 9.3
- average number span 7.3
- STM average capacity is 5-9 things
Who came up with the Mutli-Store Model memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin
what is the Multi-store model of memory
assumes there are three memory stores and that information is transferred between these stores
What is the order of MSM
- Sensory
- STM
- LTM
What is the capacity duration and coding of STM
- 7+/-2 items
- 30 seconds
- acoustically
What is the capacity duration and coding of LTM
- Unlimited
- Unlimited
- Semantically
What’s the capacity duration and coding of the sensory register
- unlimited
- less than a second
- ecoic and auditory
How is information lost in STM
- Displacement
- decay
How is information lost in LTM
- interference
- retrieval failure
How does information move from sensory to STM
Attention
How does information move from STM to LTM
Rehearsal
What are 2 Strengths of the Multi-store Model of Memory
- MSM contributions to memory research. E.g., enabled psychologists to construct MOM that can be tested= + Contribution to science.
- Gives us a good understanding of the structure and process of the STM. This is good because this allows researchers to expand on this model=Enhanced our knowledge of memory
What are 2 Limitations of the Multi-store Model of Memory
- Assumes that LTM has an unlimited capacity, as research has been unable to measure this accurately= more research needed
- The artificial setting of a lab is used in much research surrounding the model. Cannot be sure behaviour seen is reflective of true life.
who came up with the Working model Memory
Baddeley & Hitch
What are the 4 main parts of the Working Model memory
- Central executive
- visuospatial sketchpad
- phonological loop
- episodic buffer
What’s the order of WMM
- Central Executive
- Phonological Loop
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Episodic Buffer
What is a Central executive
It is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the slave systems
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad
our ability temporarily to hold visual and spatial information
What are the 2 stores within the visuospatial sketchpad
- Visual Cache
- Inner scribe spatial relationships
What is the episodic buffer
A temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time
What is the phonological loop
deals with spoken and written material.
What are the 2 stores in the phonological loop
- Phonological store= Speech Percerption
- Auditory process=
What are the 3 types of memory in WMM
- Sensory
- Working
- LTM
Who carried out research into the Working Memory Model
Baddeley and Hitch 1974
What was the aim of Baddeleys and Hitchs Study
To investigate if participants can use different parts of working memory at the same time.
what were baddeley and hitchs findings (WMM)
Digits increased in the digit span tasks, participants took longer to answer the reasoning questions, only fraction of a second.
What did Baddeley and Hitch conclude
argue that the picture of STM provided by the Multi-Store Model is far too simple.
What are 2 Limitations of the Working Model of Memory
- Not a lot is known about Central Executive. E.g., most important research has been unable to shag light on how it actually works=More research is needed.
- Research of the model is based and supports its features has been criticised. E.g., tasks uses Artifical Stimuli= Lacks mundane Realism and not generalisable
What is a Strength of the Working Model Memory
-Research to support existance of VSSP and PL E.g., Baddeley found both tasks were competing for the limited capacity of the VSSP= VSSP is responsible for visual and spatial tasks is Externally valid
What are 2 factors that can affect EWT
-Anxiety
-Misleading questions
-
What is one way of improving EWT
Cognitive Interviews
What are Cognitive Interviews
a questioning technique used by the police to enhance retrieval of information about a crime scene from the eyewitnesses and victim’s memory
What are the 4 techniques used in CI to improve accuracy of EWT
- Reinstate the context.
- Recall events in reverse order.
- Report everything they can remember.
- Describe events from someone else’s point of view.
Who carried out research into the effectiveness of Cognitive Interviews
Geiselman et al 1985
What was Geiselmans Aim
To investigate the effectiveness of the CI compared to normal Police Interviews
What was the Procedure into Geiselmans study
89 participants were shown police training films
48 hours later they were interviewed about the films
What did Geiselman find
SI did worse
What are 2 Limitations of Research into the effectiveness of CI
- Geiselamans bad Artificial settings. E.g., Police were real vidoes were not= Lack Ecological Validity
- CI not proved Successful for Children. E.g., Geiselman found children below 8 struggled=Got Confused by the tasks.
What is a strength Of The Research into the effectiveness of CI
-Researchers claimed unfiar Criticism. E.g., increase incorrect answers.=Overall benfit of CI outweigh the risk of producing more incorrect items.
