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EPPP > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoactivity in what region of the brain is associated with depression?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Hint: Think L for low

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2
Q

Hyperactivity in what region of the brain is associated with depression?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortext

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of a panic attack?

A
  • heart palpitations
  • sweating
  • nausea
  • dizziness
  • fear of losing control or “going crazy”
  • fear of dying
  • paresthesia
  • derealization or depersonalization
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4
Q

What type of drug is most effective for mixed mood states, rapid cycling, a lack of full recovery between episodes, and an onset between 10-15 years of age?

A

anticonvulsant and second generaration antipsychotic drugs

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5
Q

What are hallucinations called right before someone falls asleep?

A

hypnagogic

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6
Q

hypnopompic hallucinations

A

Hallucinations that occur when you’re waking up

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7
Q

How long must a person exhibit symptoms to be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa?

A

3 months

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8
Q

When do non-rapid eye movement sleep disorders occur?

A

During stage 3 or 4 in the first third of a major sleep period

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9
Q

This type of treatment is for parents of children aged 2-18 years old. Based on the assumption that children’s behaviors are the result of coercive parenting. Focuses on positive parenting and monitoring children’s behavior.

A

Parent Management Training-Oregon Model (PMTO)

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10
Q

This type of treatment is for parents of children aged 2-17. Training is based on principles of operant conditioning.

A

Kazdin’s parent management training

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

A
  • a recurrent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness as evidenced by four or more characteristics:
    1) often loses temper
    2) is angry and resentful
    3) often deliberately annoys others
    4) Blames others for mistakes

sx have to last at least 6 months

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12
Q

True/false 70% of children who have a diagnosis of ODD eventually receive dx of conduct disorder

A

False—30%

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13
Q

This is a persistent pattern of behx that violates the basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate norms or rules.

Includes the presence of at least 3 characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months and one symptom in the past 6th.

Sx have four categories

1) aggression to people and animals
2) destruction of property
3) deceitfulness or theft
4) serious violation of rules

A

Conduct disroder

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14
Q

What is life-course-persistent type of CD?

A

increasingly serious antisocial behaviors that begin in early childhood continues into adulthood, and is consistent across situations.

The etiology is due to a combo of neuropsychological deficits, cognitive abilities, and child rearing environment?

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15
Q

What is the adolescence limited type of CD?

A

temporary and situational type of antisocial behavior due to “maturity gap” between bio and sex maturity and social maturity. Behx are a way to attain mature status.

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16
Q

What is required to diagnose delirium?

A

a) a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time (hours to days), represents a change from baseline awareness, and fluctuates in severity over the course of the day
b) at least one additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory or language impairments)

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17
Q

What are the concordance rates for schizophrenia?

A

9% for biological sibling
17% for a fraternal twin
48% for an identical twin
13% for a child of one parent with schizophrenia
46% for a child of two parents with schizophrenia

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18
Q

What two transmitters are proposed to cause positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Acetylcholine and Gaba

dopamine

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19
Q

What two transmitters are proposed to cause negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Glutamate and serotonin

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20
Q

How long does a manic episode have to last for Bipolar 1 disorder?

A

one week

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21
Q

How long does the hypomanic and depressive episodes have to be for Bipolar 2 diagnosis?

A

Hypomanic=four days

Depressive episode=2 weeks

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22
Q

What neurotransmitters are implicated in Bipolar disorder?

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

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23
Q

What brain areas are implicated in bipolar disorder?

A

prefrontal cortex and amygdala

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24
Q

What are the concordance rates for bipolar disorder

A

75% for identical twin; 20% for fraternal twin

25% for child of one parent; 60% for child of two parents with bipolar disorder

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25
Q

What are the prevalence rates for peripartum MDD?

A

80% experience “baby blues”

3-6% experience MDD with peripartum onset

50% experience depressive episode prior to delivery

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26
Q

What are the time requirements for Persistent Depressive DIsorders?

A

1 year in children and adolescents

2 years in adults

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27
Q

What are the treatment(s) of choice for Panic Disorder?

A

CBT that includes exposure with response prevention

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28
Q

How do you differentiate between agoraphobia, specific phobia(situational type), and social anxiety disorder?

A
  • When the person’s anxiety only involves a situation that is characteristic of agoraphobia.
  • Social Anxiety– anxiety only when afraid of being scrutinized by others and increases when with family or friend
29
Q

Are LOW or High levels of serotonin associated with OCD?

A

LOW

30
Q

What areas of the brain are implicated in OCD

A

orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (which is a part of the basal ganglia)

31
Q

PTSD symptoms represent which 4 categories

A

1) intrusion
2) avoidance
3) negative changes in cognition and mood
4) alterations in arousal and reactivity

32
Q

What are the criteria of major neurocognitive disorder?

A

A SIGNIFICANT decline from a previous level of fxning in at least one cognitive domain (complex attention, executive functioning, learning, and memory) that interferes with independence in everyday activities

33
Q

What are the criteria for mild neurocognitive disorder ?

A

MODEST decline from previous level of functioning in one cognitive domain that does not interfere with independence but may require greater effort or compensatory strategies

34
Q

What stage of Major Neurocog disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease describes the following:

anterrograde amnesia, irritability or passivity, disorientation to day and time, and anomia

A

Early stage

35
Q

What stage of Major Neurocog disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease is the longest and consists of increasing anterograde and retrograde amnesia, anxiety or depression, delusions, restlessness and pacing, compulsive and repetitive behx, rambling speech, disruption in sleep patters, and problems with normal daily activities?

A

Middle stage

36
Q

What stage of Major Neurocog disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease has the following symptoms?

deteriorated intellectual functioning, severe disorientation, apathy, severely impaired speech, agitation and wandering, incontinence, loss of basic motor skills, and inability to perform basic activities of daily life

A

Late stage

37
Q

Which neurotransmitter is linked to Major Neurocog disorder due to Alzheimer’s

A

Acetylcholine—low levels!

38
Q

What does the prognosis of vascular neurocog disorder look like?

A

Depends on the cause.

Can be acute with partial recovery, stepwise decline, or progressive with fluctuations and plateaus that vary in duration.

39
Q

Neurocog disorder due to HIV infection

A

Symptoms have a subcortical pattern–executive functioning, slowed processing speed, difficulty learning new info, psychomotor slowing, and motor impairments.

Social withdrawal.

40
Q

What is main difference in neurocog with lewy bodys and neurocog due to parkinsons?

A

With Parkinson’s–motor and other sx are present for 1 year before cognitive decline

41
Q

How is neurocog due to prion distinguished between others neurocogs?

A

Prion disease is sudden onset and rapid progression. More motor symptoms.

42
Q

For probable NCD with lewy body how many core features and suggestive feature?

A

two core features or one core feature+ one suggestive

43
Q

For possible NCD with lewy body how many core features and suggestive feature?

A

one core feature or one or both suggestive features

44
Q

What are the core feature of NCD with Lewy Bodies?

A

fluctuating cognition with variations in attention and alertness, recurrent visual hallucinations, and symptoms of parkinsonism that develop after cognitive symptoms

45
Q

What are the suggestive features for NCD with Lewy Body

A

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and severe neuroleptic sensitivity

46
Q

Describe the personality disorder clusters

A

Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric–schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid

Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior–bpd, narcisstic, antisocial, and histrionic

Cluster C: Anxiety/fearfulness–avoidant, ocpd, and dependent

47
Q

How many symptoms are required for ADHD?

A

children under 17: 6 sx of inattention and/or hyperactivity

people over 17: 5 sx

48
Q

In regards to tics, to diagnose Tourettes, what must you see?

A

Multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic

49
Q

The DSM requires the onset of ADHD symptoms to be before what age?

A

12

50
Q

The experience of depression is associated with hypoactivity in _____ and hyperactivity in____

A

dorsolateral prefontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

51
Q

What age must a person be to be diagnosed with a pedophilic disorder?

A

16

52
Q

How old to be diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder?

A

six

53
Q

Conduct disorder requires the presence of at last 3 characteristics symptoms during the last ____ months and at least one symptom in the last____ months

A

12;6

54
Q

What is the key difference between MDD (pseudodementia) and NCD due to AZ

A

People with pseduodepression will recognize cognitive changes/memory loss

55
Q

This diagnosis requires two out of five characteristic symptoms of >1 month and <6 months. ! sx has to be hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech

A

Schizophreniform

56
Q

What is the gender prevalence for ASD

A

Four times more in boys

57
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis (revised)?

A

Positive symptoms=dopamine hyperactivity in subcortical regions (mesolimbic system)

Negative and cognitive symptoms=dopamine hypoactivity in the cortical regions (prefrontal cortex)

58
Q

What are the 5 characteristic sx for psychotic spectrum disorder?

A
  1. Hallucinations
  2. Delusions
  3. Grossly disorganized speech
  4. Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior
  5. negative symptoms (avolition, anhedonia, alogia)
59
Q

What do we know about the etiology of Intellectual Disability?

A
  • Cause is known in 25-50% of cases
  • Of those cases, 80-85% are prenatal factors (chromosomal and genetic)
  • 5-10% perinatal (asphyxia)
  • 5-10% postnatal factors
60
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

A
  • Active phase that lasts for 1 month and includes 2 of 5 characteristic symptoms. 1 has to be hallucinations delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
  • Must have continuous signs of the disorder for 6+ months, which may include prodromal and/or residual phases in addition to active phase.

Prodromal & residual=2+ characteristic sx in attenuated forms.

61
Q

How long do cyclothymic symptoms have to be present to diagnose?

A

2 years

62
Q

What is the treatment for pedophiliac disorder?

A

covert conditioning and orgasmic reconditioning

63
Q

What are the criteria for social engagement disorder?

A
  • history of extreme insufficient care
  • inappropriately overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults, evidence that extreme insufficient care is responsible for the disturbed behavior, and developmental age of at least 9 months
  • developmental age of 9 months
64
Q

How do you treat agoraphobia?

A

In-vivo exposure and response prevention

65
Q

Major Depressive Disorder is linked to which of the following sleep abnormalities?

A
  • Decreased REM latency
  • reduced slow wave sleep, –prolonged sleep latency
  • increased REM density.
66
Q

True or false the diagnosis of Anorexia can be assigned when the person is not engaging in dieting or pasting

A

True; The restriction of energy intake can be dieting, fasting, or binging/purging.

67
Q

What disorder is characteristic of having a sense of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions. They may have vague somatic symptoms and experience anxiety or depression.

A

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

68
Q

People with Bipolar Disorder are___times more likely than the general population in terms of lifetime risk for suicide?

A

15

EPPP (4 decks)

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