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EPPP > Developmental > Flashcards

Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast a critical period and sensitive period.

A

A critical period is a limited period of time when exposure to certain environmental events is necessary for development to occur. A sensitive period is usually longer and is a period of time when its optimal (but not necessary) for certain environmental events to occur.

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2
Q

According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, what is the microsystem?

A

The child’s immediate environment (parents, siblings, friends, and others at home, school, and church)

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3
Q

Mesosystem

A

interactions between elements of the microsystem

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4
Q

exosystem

A

elements of the environment that impact the child’s immediate environment (caretakers’ places of work, extended family, and community health services)

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5
Q

macrosystem

A

social and culture environments

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6
Q

chronosystem

A

events that occur in a person’s lifespan and impact development. Examples include parental divorce, birth of sibling, natural disaster

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7
Q

____occurs when children inherit genes from their parents that predispose them to have certain characteristics and are exposed to environments that support the development of those characteristics

A

Passive genotype-environment correlation

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8
Q

A sociable child reacts to others in ways that encourage them to respond to the child in socially reinforcing ways. What is this an example of?

A

evocative genotype-environment correlation

a child’s genetic make-up evokes certain kinds of reactions from people that reinforce the genetic makeup

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9
Q

What is active genotype environment correlation?

A

niche-picking and occurs when children seek experiences that “fit” their genetic predispositions

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10
Q

what kind of factors does epigenetics look at?

A

pattern of gene expression without altering the genetic code

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11
Q

According to Bouchard and Mcgue (1981), list highest heredibility combos to lowest combos for IQ (TOP five).

A

1) Identical Twins raised together
2) Identical Twins raised apart
3) Fraternal Twins reared together
4) Bio siblings raised together
5) Bio parent and child

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12
Q

When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs. What is this an example of?

A

Assimilation

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13
Q

a young child may have an established scheme in which he or she calls any large item with wheels a car. The child points at a large wheeled item with a box on the back and says “car!” The child’s father responds, “No, that’s a truck!” The child repeats, “Truck!” and proceeds to identify another similar vehicle in the same way, indicating that he or she_______ the scheme

A

accommodated.

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14
Q

During this stage of cognitive development, learning about the environment occurs through sensory input and motor actions. Birth-2 years

A

Sensorimotor Stage

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15
Q

What happens during the preoperational stage and how old are children going through it?

A
  • 2-7 years old
  • more sophisticate forms of make believe
  • limited due to transductive reasoning and egocentricism
  • -They can’t conserve. (think water glass example)
  • -They can’t conserve because of centration(focus on only one aspect) and irreversibility.
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16
Q

This stage is characterized by being able to do basic math. They can conserve. Ages 7-12

A

Concrete operational

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17
Q

Describe the formal operational stage and age

A
  • -12 years old-adulthood
  • -hypothetical-deductive reasoning: can derive and test out hypotheses
  • -propositional thought-evaluate logic of verbal statements
  • -renewed egocentricism
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18
Q

Name the six substages of the sensorimotor stage

A

-reflective reactions
-primary circular reactions
-secondary circular reactions
-coordination of secondary circular reactions
-tertiary circular reactions
internalization of schemas

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19
Q

Reflective Reactions

Sensorimotor

A

(0-1 month)Responds to external stimuli with innate reflexes

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20
Q

Primary circular reactions (Sensorimotor)

A

(1-4 month)Repeats enjoyable actions involving his/her own body (e.g., sucks thumb, kicks legs)

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21
Q

Secondary circular reactions (Sensorimotor)

A

(4-8 months)Reproduces actions involving objects (e.g., shakes rattle to hear sound) and imitates familiar actions of others

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22
Q

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

A

*(8-12 months)Intentionally combines secondary reactions to achieve goals (e.g., drops small toy in a cup and then picks up the cup) and imitates actions of others that aren’t in their repertoire

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23
Q

Tertiary Circular Reactions

A

12-18 months

When they deliberately experiment to discover consequences and find new ways to achieve goals.

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24
Q

Internalization of schemas

A

18-24 months
Develops mental representations of reality and solves some problems mentally.

This is when represenational thought occurs.

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25
Q

When does object permanence occur?

A

During 4th substage of sensorimotor (coordination of secondary circular reactions) 8-12 months

26
Q

Compare/contrast assimilation and accomodation

A

Assimilation involves assimilating (incorporating, integrating) new information into current schemas, while accommodation involves accommodating (adjusting, changing) current schemas to fit new information

27
Q

Name both the Freudian and Eriksonian stage that occurs between birth-1 year

A

Freud-oral

Erikson-trust vs mistrust

28
Q

What is the successful outcome of trust vs mistrust

A

Hope

29
Q

The Anal Stage (Freud) and Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (Erikson) occur when?

A

Between 1-3 years

30
Q

What is the successful outcome of autonomy versus shame& doubt(think self-control)?

A

Will

31
Q

What Eriksonian stage coincides with Freud’s phallic stage (3-6 years old)?

A

Initiative vs guilt

32
Q

Purpose is the successful outcome for which stage?

A

Initiative vs guilt

33
Q

What Freudian Stage coincides with Erikson’s industry vs inferiority stage?(6-12)?

A

Latency Stage

34
Q

Competency is the successful outcome for which stage?

A

Industry versus inferiority

35
Q

Which of Freud’s stages occurs with identity vs role confusion? (Adolescense)

A

Genital

36
Q

What is the successful outcome for identity versus role confusion?

A

Fidelity

37
Q

Love is the successful outcome for which stage?

A

intimacy vs. isolation

38
Q

What is the successful outcome for generativity vs. stagnation?

With generativity making your mark” on the world through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual. During middle age individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having mentees or creating positive changes that will benefit other people.

A

Care

39
Q

Wisdom is the successful outcome for which stage?

A

integrity vs. despair

40
Q

Detail Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory of gender identity

A

1) Gender identity(2-3 years): Children identity themselves and others as male or female
2) gender stability(4 years): gender identity is consistent over time girls become women and boys become men
3) gender constancy (6 or 7): gender is stable, not only over time but across situations.

41
Q

____ occurs when individuals have not undergone an identity crisis and are not committed to an identity

A

Identity diffusion

42
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

occurs when individuals have not experienced an identity crisis but have a strong commitment to a particular identity as the result of accepting the values, goals, and preferences of their parents or other authority figure.

43
Q

_______ period of active searching for one’s occupational, religious, ethnic, or another form of identity to determine who they really are. It is an identity crisis as part of the quest of teens and tweens to find themselves.

A

Identity moratorium

44
Q

Identity achievement

A

occurs when individuals have experienced an identity crisis and, as a result, have a strong commitment to a specific identity.

45
Q

What are the signs of attachment and when do they occur?

A

Social referencing: looking toward caregivers to determine how to act in ambiguous and unfamiliar situations (6-8mo.)

Separation anxiety: begins 6-8 months, most intense at 14-18 months then declines

Stranger anxiety: begins at 8-10 months, declines by 2 years

46
Q

When does babbling happen?

A

3-6 months it begins. By 9 months it begins to narrow to the sound of the baby’s native language.

47
Q

This begins at 9 months and involves imitating adult speech sounds without understanding their meaning

A

Echolalia

48
Q

When do children use their first words?

A

10-15 months

49
Q

Between 12 an 15 months, children exhibit____ which involves using a single word to express an entire idea.

A

Holophrastic speech

50
Q

When does telegraphic speech emerge and what is it?

A

Two words–no grammar starts at about 18-24 months

51
Q

Which attachment pattern (Ainsworth) uses his/her mother as a secure base while exploring the environment, is mildly distressed when she leaves, seeks contact with her when she returns, and prefers his/her own mother to stranger?

A

Secure

52
Q

Mothers of ____ babies are sensitive and responsive

A

secure

53
Q

A baby that is anxious and clings to his/her mother , is distressed when she leaves, seeks contact with her when she returns, and prefers his/her mother to stranger has what type of attachment?

A

Insecure/resistant

54
Q

Mothers of ___babies are inconsistent in their caregiving

A

Insecure/resistant-ambivalent

55
Q

An infant seems indifferent toward his/her mother, exhibits little distress when she leaves, avoids her when she returns, and reacts to their mother and a stranger in similar ways. What attachment?

A

Insecure/avoidant

56
Q

Mothers of ___babies are rejecting/unresponsive or intrusive/overs-stimulating

A

insecure/avoidant

57
Q

A baby with a ____ attachment seems afraid of their mother, may or may not be distressed when she leaves, seems confused when she turns, and reacts to their mother in the same way they do strangers

A

disorganized/disoriented

58
Q

___babies have usually been maltreated by their caregivers

A

disorganized/disoriented

59
Q

CMV causes what?

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

60
Q

Chomsky has a ___ theory of language development

A

Nativist

EPPP (4 decks)

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