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Psychology Paper 1 > Psychopathogolgy > Flashcards

Psychopathogolgy Flashcards

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1
Q

Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic, eg. being more depressed or less intelligent than others

A

Statistical infrequency

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2
Q

Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society

A

Deviation from social norms

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3
Q

What real life application does statistical infrequency have?
And why is this important?

A

It has been used to help diagnose individuals with an intellectual disability.
It shows that is a useful part of clinical assessment

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4
Q

‘Not everyone unusual benefits from a label’

What is this an evaluation point for and explain it.

A

Drawback of Statistical Infrequency
Someone may have a very low IQ but is not distressed and can lead a normal life therefore may not benefit from being labelled as abnormal.

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5
Q

Extremely smart people (130) IQ are just as unusual as those with IQs of 70. This isn’t a bad thing at all and doesn’t make them abnormal.
What is this evaluating?

A

Statistical Infrequency

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6
Q

Which definition of abnormality has real-life application in the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Deviation from social norms

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7
Q

Give a negative of deviation from social norms as a definition from abnormality that relates to culture

A

Cultural relativism
Different culture see different characteristics as normal that our society find abnormal. Therefore we cannot impose our etic onto their community as they have different socially acceptable behaviours to us.

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8
Q

Why could too much reliance on deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality lead to an abuse of human rights?

A

Because they maintain control over minority groups. Historically these were women or black individuals.

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9
Q

Define failure to function adequately

A

Occurs when someone is unable to cope with the day-to-day demands of everyday life.

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10
Q

Name 3 criteria of Jahoda’s

A
  • No symptoms of distress
  • Are rational and perceive our selves accurately
  • Self actualise
  • Can cope with stress
  • Have a realistic view of the world
  • Have good self-esteem and a lack of guilt
  • Independent
  • Can successfully work, love and enjoy leisure
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11
Q

Occurs when someone doesn’t meet a set of criteria fro mental health

A

Deviation from ideal mental health

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12
Q

It is impossible to meet all of the criteria set out by ___1___. Therefore everyone _____2_____.

A
  1. Jahoda

2. Deviates from ideal mental health

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13
Q

Which of the definitions for abnormality takes into account the patients individual experience?

A

Failure to function adequately

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14
Q

Name the 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

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15
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety

Unreasonable emotional responses

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16
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention to phobic stimulus
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

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17
Q

Define a phobia

A

An irrational fear of an object or stimulus

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18
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression (3)

A

Reduced activity levels
Disruption to sleep and eating behaviours
Aggression and self harm

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19
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression (3)

A

Lowered mood
Anger
Lowered self esteem

20
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression (3)

A

Poor concentration
Dwelling on the negative
Absolutist thinking

21
Q

What is absolutist thinking?

A

Black and white thinking

They only see the situation as good or bad not a mixture

22
Q

What is ….

A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low activity levels

A

Depression

23
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD (2)

A

Compulsions (these are repetitive and reduce their anxiety)

Avoidance

24
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD (3)

A

Anxiety/ distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

25
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD (3)

A

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
Insight into excessive anxiety

26
Q

What is the cycle of OCD stating with the obsessive thought

A
  1. Obsessive thought
  2. Anxiety
  3. Compulsive behaviour
  4. Temporary relief
27
Q

What two elements make up the two process model?

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

28
Q

According to the behavioural approach how are phobias formed?

A

When 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together.
For example pain paired with a neutral stimulus
The neutral stimulus then becomes the phobic stimulus

29
Q

What is it called when the individual has a phobia and leaves the situation - therefore reinforces the phobia

A

Negative reinforcement ( operant conditioning ) because the individual leaves the situation therefore the phobic stimulus is taken away

30
Q

How phobias maintained?

A

Operant conditioning - maintenance rehearsal

31
Q

What type of phobia does the two-process model not explain

A

Phobias that don’t follow a trauma

32
Q

What model has been recognised as being a good explanation as to why and how phobias are formed and maintained

A

The two-process model

33
Q

Name the two behavioural approach methods of treating phobias

A

Flooding

Systematic desensitisation

34
Q

An anxiety hierarchy is made. The therapist teaches relaxation techniques. Then the patient and therapist use the anxiety hierarchy for gentle exposure
What is this?

A

Systematic desensitisation

35
Q

An anxiety hierarchy is made and the therapist teaches relaxation techniques. The patient is then put in the situation at the top of the hierarchy and needs to use relaxation techniques
What is this?

A

Flooding

36
Q

Which of the 2 behavioural treatment of phobias is the most cost effective?

A

Flooding

37
Q

Flooding can cause serious ______ to patients

A

Trauma

38
Q

Why is flooding less effective on some types of phobia? And what are the type of phobias?

A

Social phobias are harder to treat with flooding because they have cognitive aspects and don’t simply have an anxiety response but instead an unpleasant thought.

39
Q

Which behavioural treatment method would be most useful for treating those with learning disabilities?

A

Systematic desensitisation because they would struggle to cope with the stresses of flooding technique and may not stay engaged during a cognitive therapy.

40
Q

Gilroy et al - Spider phobia, 42 patients and 33 months

This is a supporting study of…..

A

Systematic Desensitisation

41
Q

What psychologist introduced the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

Beck

42
Q

Name the 3 elements that make up Beck’s negative triad

A
  • Negative view of the world, self and future
43
Q

What is a negative self schema?

A

It is the way we think about and perceive ourselves however it is looking at ourselves negatively

44
Q

Name the psychologists that conducted a study supporting Beck’s cognitive theory and what they did

A

Grazoli and Terry
65 pregnant women, measured their cognitive vulnerability before and after birth.
Those with a greater vulnerability pre-birth were more likely to develop post-natal depression

45
Q

How does Beck’s cognitive theory have practical application?

A

It has formed the basis for CBT which has proven successful in the treatment of depression.

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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