psychoneuroimmunology

Question 1

Pyschoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 1

focused on the communication and interactions between the nervous system and immune system.

Question 2

direct connections between CNS and immune system

Answer 2

neuronal connections. The innervation of primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as the adrenal medulla

Question 3

indirect connections between CNS and immune system

Answer 3

Neuroendocrine communication. Hormonal

Question 4

Responses to physical and psychological stressors

Answer 4

1. neurotransmitters released in the brain stimulates:
2. Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to release CRH
3. CRH stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary
4. ACHT causes the release of Cortisol from the adrenal gland (cortex) into circulation

Question 5

bone marrow is stimulated by

Answer 5

noradrenergic fibers

Question 6

thymus is stimulated by

Answer 6

noradrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic fibers

Question 7

spleen is stimulated by

Answer 7

noradrenergic

Question 8

lymph nodes are stimulated by

Answer 8

noradrenergic and peptidergic

Question 9

adrenal medulla is stimulated by

Answer 9

direct sympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 10

pathway of activation of adrenal medulla

Answer 10

Hypothalamus activates the splanchnic nerves which trigger chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines.

Question 11

catecholamine, ACh, and neuropeptides act on

Answer 11

T-cells, B-cells, neutrophils, mononuclear cells, and NK-cells all have catecholamine, ACh, and neuropeptide receptors

Question 12

Cortisol’s effects

Answer 12

anti-inflammatory reduces cytokine production, reduces T and B cell reactivity, and NK cell activity

Question 13

epinephrine and norepinephrine effects

Answer 13

increase leukocyte mobilization resulting in an increase in NK cell activity. Involved in emotions like fight or flight

Question 14

endorphins

Answer 14

come from POMC. can be made by leukocytes. increase T cell and NK cell activity (same action as Enkephalins). play a role in anagesia. Act more like hormones

Question 15

Enkephalins

Answer 15

analgesia. can bind to the same opioid receptors as endorphins. Increase T cell reactivity and NK cell activity.. Act more like NTs

Question 16

catecholamines cause

Answer 16

immediate increase in circulating leukocytes (especially NK cells). The levels drop after due to the cells becoming localized in the regional lymph nodes. In acute stress.

Question 17

chronic stress can lead to

Answer 17

decreased cytokine production (IL1)

decreased ab production

Question 18

ACTH, beta-endorphin and enkephalins

Answer 18

can be produced by immune cells. may cause an analgesic effect in affected tissues, may modulate the immune response and influenced/induce behavioral changes (sickness behavior)

Question 19

sickness behavior caused by

Answer 19

production of cytokines (IL-1,6, and TNK-a) hormones, NTs, and neuropeptides. cytokines send signals to the CNS.

Question 20

sickness behavior is characterized by

Answer 20

symptoms like fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, diminished appetite, lethargy

Question 21

Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Answer 21

CNS works with the immune system to regulate excessive inflammation via the efferent vagus and the splenic nerve.

1. AP transit the splenic nerve releasing NE
2. NE stimulated ACh production by t-cells
3. ACh inhibits macrophages from producing IL-1,6 and TNF-a in the spleen
4. inflammation is reduced

Question 22

short term stress response

Answer 22

1. catecholamines are released mobilizing the leukocytes
2. slower release of cortisol suppresses the immune response in order to maximize energy for the fight or flight response.
   Can be health promoting-can enhance the immune system

Question 23

Acute stresses effects on DTH

Answer 23

henhases the response and increases leukocyte mobilization

Question 24

Chronic stresses effects on DTH

Answer 24

suppresses the DTH response and decreases leukocyte mobilization to the skin

Question 25

autoimmune diseases response to stress

Answer 25

acute stress could exasperate the disease, while chronic stress may improved the disease