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MEDSCI 314 > Psychoneuroimmunology > Flashcards

Psychoneuroimmunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two arms that the nervous system can be considered to have?

A

The autonomic system consisting of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches and the neuroendocrine system which is centred on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
These arms have extensive interconnection with the limbic system of the brain directly regulating the neurohormonal and autonomic outflow of the central nervous system

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2
Q

How can perturbations of the hypothalamus affect the immune response?

A

Experimentally introducing lesions into the anterior lobe of the hypothalamus of rats depresses in vivo antibody responses
Experimentally stimulating the hypothalamus at the time of immunization enhances antibody response
Lesions in the hypothalamus and hippocampus have also been found to later natural killer activity and T cell functions

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

The neurohormonal output of the NCS is controlled through the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis which can be regarded as a communication system in which the medium of information transfer is predominantly soluble hormones or other small chemical mediators

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4
Q

What are the immune effects of corticosteroids?

A

Depression of in vivo responses
Depression of phagocytosis
Inhibition of macrophage activation
Inhibition of B cell and T cell activation in vitro
Alteration of lymphocyte migratory patterns
Rapid decreas in the number of cells in the thymus

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5
Q

What are some non-steroid hormone immune effects?

A

Sex hormones diminish in vivo responses
Prolactin and growth hormones elevate responses
This is likely because receptors of these mediators are present on cells of the immune system it is likely that at least some of their effects are a consequence of direct binding to lymphocytes or monocytes

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6
Q

What neuropeptides interact with the immune system?

A 
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Substance P
Oxytoxicn and vasopressin
Melatonin
Met-enkephalin
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7
Q

How does the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide interact with the immune system?

A

Activates lymphocytes and modulates the migration of gut lymphocytes

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8
Q

How does the neuropeptide substance P interact with the immune system?

A

This is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, it is a mediator of local inflammatory responses
Enhances stimulated T cells proliferation and in vitro IgA production

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9
Q

How do the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin interact with the immune system?

A

They can replace IL-2 in some mitogen-activated functions

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10
Q

How does the neuropeptide Melatonin interact with the immune system?

A

Enhances antibody synthesis in mixed lymphocyte reactions

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11
Q

How does the neuropeptide Met-enkephalin interact with the immune system?

A

Enhances NK cell activity and affects the TH1/TH2 distribution

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12
Q

What are the neurological mediators that interact with the immune system?

A

Beta-endorphin, Catecholamines and acetylcholine

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13
Q

How does the nuerological mediator Beta-endorphin interact with the immune system?

A

Inhibits mitogen-activated T cell proliferation
Decreases CD4 and MHC II expression
Enhances NK cell activity
Suppresses antibody responses

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14
Q

How does the nuerological mediator catecholamines interact with the immune system?

A

Suppress mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation

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15
Q

How does the nuerological mediator acetylcholine interact with the immune system?

A

Increase cell proliferation in the bone marrow

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16
Q

What are the neurohormones which interact with the immune system?

A 
Prolactin
Somatostatin
Groeth hormone
ACTH
Angiotensin II
Nerve growth factor
Thyroxine
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17
Q

How does the neurohomorne prolactin interact with the immune system?

A

Enhances macrophage activation and stimulates IL-2 production

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18
Q

How does the neurohomorne somatostatin interact with the immune system?

A

Stimulates histamine release from mast cells
Inhibits histamine release from basophils
Inhibits T cell proliferation and IgA production

19
Q

How does the neurohomorne growth hormone interact with the immune system?

A

Enhances antibody synthesis and macrophage activation and modulates IL-2 production

20
Q

How does the neurohomorne ATCH interact with the immune system?

A

Affects macrophage activation, cytokine production, NK activity and antibody synthesis

21
Q

How does the neurohomorne angiotensin II interact with the immune system?

A

Modulates macrophage Fc receptor activity

Suppresses T cell activation by mitogens

22
Q

How does the neurohomorne nerve growth factor interact with the immune system?

A

Stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis

23
Q

How does the neurohomorne thyroxine interact with the immune system?

A

Enhances T cell activation and antibody formation

24
Q

What is the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and immune system?

A

Histochemical staining techniques for identification of small nerves have revealed extensive innervation of all lymphoid tissue
This is predominately from sympathetic nerves which use norepinephrine as transmitter
In lymph nodes these nerves appear to terminate predominately in the T cell rich regions and suggests a possible link to immunoregulatory functions
Surgical or chemical ablation of sympathetic nerves to lymph nodes or spleen augments antibody responses to these organs
Conversely ablation of parasympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues generally depresses immune responsiveness

25
Q

What are the effects the immune system can have on the nervous system?

A

Changes in electrical activity and in neurotransmitter levels in the hypothalamus are observed to correlate with the time course of immune responses suggesting that information is passing from the immune system to the brain in some from this could be due to lymphocytes secreting neurological mediators or alternatively cytokines produced during the course of the immune response could directly affect neural tissues

26
Q

What are the neurological mediators that can be produced by immune cells?

A

Corticotrophin (ACTH), CRF-like activity, Thyroid-stimualting hormone, beta endorphinm vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, smoatostatins, oxytocin and neruophysin, human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone

27
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator corticotrophin?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

28
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator CRF-like activity?

A

Lymphocytes

29
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator Thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Lymphocytes

30
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator beta-endorphin?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

31
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

Polymorphs and mast cells

32
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator substance P?

A

Basophils, mast cells and monocytes

33
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator somatostatins?

A

Basophils, mast cells and monocytes

34
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator oxytocin and neurophysin?

A

Thymus tissue

35
Q

What immune cells can produce the neurological mediator human chorionic gonadotrophin?

A

Lymphocytes

36
Q

What affect does IL-1 have on CNS activity?

A

This cytokine is secreted by astrocytes and glial cells
Stimulates proliferation in astroglia and oligodendroglia
Increases slow wave sleep when it is administered to the brain’s lateral ventricle
IL-1Beta is a neurotransmitter in pre-optic and hypothalamic neurones
Promotes illness bheaviours

37
Q

What affect does IL-1beta and IL-2 have on CNS activity?

A

Enhances the expression of POMC mRNA in pituitary cells

38
Q

What affect does IFN-alpha have on CNS activity?

A

Modulates electrical activity when introduced into the rat brain
melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like activity
thyroid stimulating hormone-like activity

39
Q

What affect does IL-6 have on CNS activity?

A

Stimulates ACTH production in the pituitary

40
Q

How does IL-1 provide a connection between the immune system and the central nervous system?

A

Activation of macrophages produces IL-1 and subsequently leads to altered electrical activity in the brain and metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in certain brain regions
These changes can also be induced by IL-1 injection and blocked by IL-1 receptor antagonists
However despite the fact that neurons I nthe preoptic nucleus have receptors of IL-1 due to the size and solubility of IL-1 it may have issues moving across the blood brain barrier therefore some active transport mechanism may exist or it may cross the vascular endothelium in the regions of the brain where the barrier is weak or absent
Alternatively IL-1 may stimulate peripheral nerves which then go on to stimulate the brain this was highlighted by the fact that cutting the vagus nerve dramatically reduces IL-1 effects on the brain

41
Q

What immune measures have been affected by stress?

A

Nonspecific, mitogen induced proliferative responses of lymphocytes
Development of antigen specific cytotoxic T cells
Generation of specific antibody responses
Macrophage activation
Alteration of TH1/TH2 balance
Secretion of cytokines
Trafficking patterns of immune cells between compartments of the immune system

42
Q

What determines the impact and direction of stress on immune behaviour?

A

The quality, quantity and duration of the stressor
The temporal relationship beyween exposure to the stressor and the introduction of antigenic or pathogenic stimulation
Socio-environmental conditions
Various host factors such as species, strain and sex

43
Q

What are some examples of human studies on stress and immunity?

A

In a one year study a group of medical students there was a strong association between examination stress increased incidence of illness and depression of various immunological measures, at the times of examination stress those students who were chronic carriers of latent Epstein barr viruses exhibited increased antibody titres
Another study looked at a group of students who were immunized with Hepatitis B virus vaccine at examination time those who seroconverted early were significantly less stressed and anxious than those who did not as well as those students with greater social support
Volunteers completed questionaires assessing degrees of perceived stress and social network diversity and were intra-nasally inoculated with rhino and adenoviruses in a quarantine unit, it was found that stress correlated strongly with increased risk of infection and social diversity could relieve some of this effect
Elderly people experiencing chronic stress by caring for individuals with dementia exhibit diminished cytokine responses, healed wounds slower and responded less well to influenza

MEDSCI 314 (32 decks)

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