Lecture 19 Flashcards
What is immune homeostasis?
This is the balance between healthy immune reactions and destructive autoimmune reactions and involves the maintenance of different cell pools such as naïve, effector and memory cells in an equilibrium
What are the different major forms of tolerance?
There is central or thymic tolerance where most self-reactive T cells are deleted, peripheral tolerance where there are mechanisms of anergy, deletion and costimulators
There are also populations of regulatory T cells
What is the in vivo evidence for regulatory T cells?
Using adoptive transfer models (animals models all have the same MHC molecule) it was found that tolerance could be made to be infectious through the transfer of CD4+ T cells, this effect was also possible through using anti-CD4,8 and CD2 antibodies
The CD4 T cells were found to be suppressive towards other CD4 T cells as well as CD8 T cells they both actively suppressed other T cells and guided naïve T cells into a state of tolerance
They are restricted by antigen presented by MHC as other T cells
The regulatory T cells are highly dependent on a continuous supply of antigen and it is thought that they are of intermediate/low affinity for MHCII
What are the four T cells with regulatory capacity?
Tr1 and Th3 cells (these may potentially be part of the same subset)
iTregs (inducible)
nTregs (natural)
What are the makers of Tr1/Th3 cells?
CD4+, lo CD25, low-mediumCTLA4, lack of FoxP3
Where are Tr1/Th3 cells derived from?
Th0, Dendritic cells with the secretion of IL-10/TGFbeta
What is the mechanism of action of Tr1/Th3 cells?
They secrete IL-10 and TGFbeta
What are the markers of iTreg cells?
CD4+, hi CD25 and CTLA4 and Fox P3+
What is the derivation of iTreg cells?
Th0 and Dendritic cells with the presence of TGF-beta
What is the mechanism of action of iTreg cells?
These secrete TGFbeta
What are the markers of nTreg cells?
CD4+, hi CTLA5 and CD25, FOXP3+
What is the derivation of nTreg cells?
Thymic precursors
What is the mechanism of nTreg cells?
Cell-cell contact
What are the characteristics of CD4+ CD25+FoxP3+ T cells?
CD25 is the IL-2Ralpha chain which is upregulated at T cell activation
These cells express CD25 consituitively in contrast to other T cells and comprise 10% of the peripheral CD4+ T cell population
They suppress induction of autoimmune disease in thymectomized mice or diabetes in NOD mice
They are totally dependent on exogenous IL-2, have an anergic phenotype and are resistant to Sag-induced deletion
The cells originate in the thymus rather than the periphery
Cytokines do not seem to play a role in the actual suppression, instead is mediated by cell-cell contact
They require TCR stimulation to exert their regulatory function
What are the characteristics of CD4+CD4RB low T cells?
These are antigen experienced cells as determined by their presence of low CD45RB
They are protective in an autoimmune model for inflammatory bowel disease mediated by naïve T cells
Mediate their regulation through the cytokines TGFbeta and IL-10
What are the characteristics of Th3 cells and mucosal tolerance?
Oral administration of myelin basic protein an auto antigen in multiple sclerosis and its mouse model EAE leads to the generation of tolerogenic Tcells
These Th3 cells are autoreactive, recognize MBP as well as the disease inducing Th1 cells
Mechanism of suppression is cytokine mediated through TGFbeta
Intranasal administration of MBP-peptide lead to IL-10 driven protection in EAE
Cells with I-10 and TGFbeta profile were also protective in diabetes and myasthenia gravis model
What are the characteristics of Tr1 cells?
These are characterised in mice and humans and are known as type 1 regulatory T cells
Tr1 cells are generated by priming naïve T cells with Il-10 and antigen in vitro
Mechanism of suppression is cytokine-mediated through TGFbeta and IL-10
What I the reason to believe that CD4+CD45RB(low)Tcells, Th3 cells and Tr1 cells are actually the same subset?
They are all involved in mucosal tolerance, secrete mainly IL-10 and TGFbeta and can deviate immune stimulation to tolerance by influencing the APCs
What is the effect of IgG binding to receptors on B cells?
If a naïve B cell binds antigen and finds no antibody already bound to that antigen then it will go on to proliferate and produce antibody, however if an antibody is already bound to the antigen and the naïve B cell recognizes this through an Fc receptor then this will act as a negative feedback system preventing that B cell from going on to produce more antibody
However if a memory B cell binds antigen and the Fc region of an antibody bound to that antigen then this functions as a positive feedback mechanism to promote antibody production
What are the features of the pool of B cells of the immune system?
Naïve B cells have a short life span and are continuously replenished and designed to meet new antigenic challenges
Memory B cells are long lived resulting in useful specificities remaining well represented
The pool is heterogeneous with regards to morphology, location and cell-surface molecules
This heterogeneity alters throughout life due to maturation in response to antigenic stimulation these distinct populations at different times of life
What are the features of (CD5) B1 cells?
These are first produced in the fetus and are self-renewing with a high production of antibodies, degenerate specificity and production of much more IgM than IgG, they have no to low somatic hypermutation they respond to polysaccharide antigens and might respond to protein antigens
What are the features of (conventional) B2 cells?
These are first produced after birth and renewed through replacement in the bone marrow, these have low production of antibodies they have precise specifities and secrete more IgG than IgM, they have high somatic mutation, might respond to polysaccharide antigens but typically respond to protein antigens
What are the properties of B-1 cells?
Expression of the CD5 surface protein which can bind to another B cell surface protein called CD72 which may promote mutual interaction between these B cells
Express IgM with little or no IgD
Relatively low numbers in lymph nodes or spleen
Predominates in pleural and peritoneal cavities
Produce much of the immunogolobulin found in normal serum
Produce predominately IgM
Arise early in ontogeny from immature stem cells most active in the prenatal period
Ig receptors are dominated by VH gene segments closest to D gene segments
Low diversity of V(D)J junctions when compared with conventional B-2 B cells
Few nucleotide insertions in joining regions because TdT is not active in progenitors
Do not undertake somatic hypermutation to form high affinity antibodies
Receptors are polyspecific
Specificity preference for other immunoglobulins, self antigens and common bacterial polysaccharides if the T-independent type
Form an interconnected network
What is the relationship between B1 and B2 cells?
B1 cells are produced early and thought to constitute a highly connected network of cells that recognize self antigens and some antigens of common pathogens and may form the initial means of distinguishing self from non-self
During development there is a gradual switch to the production of more convential B cells with a more diverse repertoire of V gene use and rearrangements, these B2 cells thend to be less polyspecific, less self-reactive and more specific for foreign antigens than B1 cells
