Psychomotor Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Cocaine

A

Alkaloid found in the leaves of the coca shrub (stimulating and hunger-reducing effects).

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2
Q

Oral admnistration of cocaine

A
  • Includes coca leaves & beverages. (water soluble).

- Slower absorption.

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3
Q

Intranasal administration of cocaine

A

Slower absorption.

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4
Q

Iv Injection administration of cocaine

A

Extremely rapid absorption & higher concentration.

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5
Q

Inhalation administration of cocaine

A

1) freebasing: conversion of cocaine into its alkaline form to smoke.
2) crack: hardened cocaine/baking soda mixture that is smoked.
- strong addiction potential
- fat soluble –> rapid absorption.

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6
Q

Cocathelyene

A

metabolism produced when alcohol and cocaine produce are taken together.

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7
Q

What neurotransmitters does cocaine interact with?

A

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT.

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8
Q

How does cocaine act?

A

Cocaine binds to transporters & inhibits their function, leading to increased neurotransmitter levels in synaptic cleft & increase in transmission at synapses.

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is most important in reinforcing value?

A

Blockade of DA reuptake is most important for cocaine’s stimulating, reinforcing, and addictive properties.

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10
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Effects

A
  • Feelings of euphoria & heightened energy
  • Increases sociability & aggressive behaviour.
  • Repetitive picking/scratching.
  • Cocaine-induced psychosis.
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11
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

cocaine produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous system activation (tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension & hyperthermia).

  • more averse effects are seizures, heart failure, stroke, brain hemorrhage.
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12
Q

tachycardia

A

increased heart rate

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13
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

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14
Q

hypertension

A

increased blood pressure

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15
Q

Three Factors Affect Positive Reinforcement

A
  1. ) Bioavailability
  2. ) Immediacy
  3. ) Baseline DA levels
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16
Q

Bioavailability

A

Once 40 to 60% of DAT occupancy is attained following cocaine administration, individual may feel a drug-induced high.

17
Q

Immediacy

A

Smoking/Iv injection lead to quick drug entry into the brain & rapid DAT occupancy.

  • more likely to produce an intense high than orally/intranasally.
18
Q

Baseline DA levels

A

high levels of baseline DA release = greater effects of cocaine (because of higher concentration of DA molecules in synaptic cleft).

19
Q

Experimentation

A
  • Use of other drugs may lead to cocaine use.
  • People usually begin by taking cocaine intranasally.
  • Strong anxiety response may stop further experimentation.
20
Q

Use/Abuse

A
  • 10-15% of initial intranasal users become cocaine abusers.
  • Reinforcement may be increased by social responses from friends.
  • Legal consequences may inhibit further use.
21
Q

Cocaine binges

A

periods of repeated cocaine use lasting from hours to days with little/no sleep.

22
Q

Incubation

A

craving and relapse to cocaine increase overtime.

23
Q

Three Phases of Binges

A
  1. ) Crash → exhaustion & depressed mood.
  2. ) Withdrawal → include anhedonia, anergia (lack of energy), anxiety, & growing craving increases risk of relapse.
  3. ) Extinction → symptoms subside.
24
Q

Sensitization

A

Can be caused by just a few exposures.

  1. ) induction: sensitization is established
  2. ) expression: sensitized response is manifested.
25
Psychosocial treatment programs
counselling designed to educate the user, promote behavioural change, and alleviate some of the problems caused by cocaine abuse.
26
Cognitive behavioural therapy
reconstructing thought processes and training the user either to avoid high-risk situations or employ coping mechanisms to manage these situations.
27
Pharmacotherapy
Medical treatment by means of drugs. - Targets include DAT, DA, NE, 5-HT, glutamate & GABA.
28
Immunization
vaccines against cocaine, antibodies to bind cocaine molecules to cause less cocaine in the bloodstream.
29
Partial agonists treatment
using amphetamine, methamphetamine, modafinil as replacement for cocaine. - like methadone maintenance program.
30
Antabuse/Disulfiram
medication for the treatment of alcoholism, helps people addicted to cocaine reduce abuse.
31
What are the Amphetamines?
- Synthetic central nervous system stimulants. | - Includes methamphetamine (speed), and MDMA (XTC).
32
Routes of Administration: | Amphetamine
- Orally → slow absorption (30 min onset). | - IV/SC injection (aka “skin popping/mainlining”).
33
Routes of Administration: Methamphetamine
- Orally, snorted, IV injections, smoking. | - Smoking → very effective route.
34
Pharmacodynamics: Amphetamines
1. ) AMPH molecules enter DA nerve terminals and provoke DA release from vesicles. 2. ) DAT causes reversal of reuptake to release DA into extracellular fluid. 3. ) Massive increase in synaptic DA levels. 4. ) Causes inhibition of metabolism by MAO.
35
Amphetamine street names
uppers, bennies, diet pills.
36
Natural amphetamine substances
ephedrine, cathinone, & mephedrone.