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Psychology > Psychology test 2 > Flashcards

Psychology test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is learning defined?

A

Relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from our experiences

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2
Q

What 3 different types of conditioning are there?

A

Classical, operant, and observational.

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Two different stimuli are associated (pavlov)

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Reward and punishment for behavior

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5
Q

What is stimulus generalization when relating to classical/operant conditioning?

A

Classical- After association is made in conditioned stimulus & response.

Operant- occurs when learned response to one stimulus occurs around similar stimuli

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6
Q

What is stimulus discrimination in classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical- Differentiate between conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Operant- With reinforcers, humans learn to discriminate

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7
Q

List Pavlov’s expirament and the types of responses/stimuli.

A 
Unconditioned stimulus: food
Unconditioned response: salivating
Neutral stimulus: bell ringing
Conditioned stimulus: bell ringing
Conditioned response: salivating
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8
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

When you add another unconditioned stimulus for a conditioned response when paired with the previous conditioned stimulus (ex: adding light with food bell)

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9
Q

Positive and negative reinforcement

A

positive-When reinforcers are added to encourage behavior (treats)

Negative- when unpleasant stimulus is removed to encourage behavior (take away chores)

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10
Q

Positive/Negative punishment

A

Pos- Addition of something unpleasant to discourage behavior (adding chores)

Neg-subtraction of something pleasant to discourage behavior (no dessert)

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11
Q

Primary reinforcers VS secondary reinforcers

A

Primary-Satisfies biological need

Secondary-Doesn’t, but tied to association with primary reinforcers

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12
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

When reinforcement is randomized, keeps behavior going until next reinforcement is given (ex:coin slots)

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13
Q

Bandura’s Bobo doll expirament

A

Revealed the speed with which children adopted aggressive behavior modeled by adults

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14
Q

Encoding

A

Info enters the memory system

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15
Q

Storage

A

Preserving info for recollection in future

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16
Q

Retrieval

A

refers to the process of accessing info encoded and stored for memory

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17
Q

visiospatial

A

Where visual and spatial data are briefly stored and manipulated (layout of room or stores)

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18
Q

Phonological loop

A

For working with verbal info for brief periods of time

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19
Q

Central executive

A

Directs attention

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20
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Bridge between memory and conscious awareness

21
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory you are aware of (expressed in words, facts, experiences)

22
Q

sematic memory

A

memory if info, general facts (type of explicit)

23
Q

episodic memory

A

record of memorable experiences or episodes (ex: when and where. Type of explicit)

24
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

detailed account of circumstances surrounding emotionally significant historic events (9/11)

25
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory of something one knows or knows how to do. May be automatic or unconscious.

26
Q

Procedural memory

A

unconscious memory of skills and activities (riding a bike)

27
Q

Serial position effect

A

items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be recalled (recency-end, primacy-beginnning)

28
Q

formal concept

A

mental representations of categories created through rigid and logical rules or features

29
Q

normal concept

A

mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life

30
Q

representative heuristic

A

decision making used to evaluate degree of which primary characteristics of a person or situation are similar to prototype of person or situation (ex: custodian VS politician)

31
Q

Framing effect

A

demonstrates how outcome of decision can be influenced by wording of questions or context of problem (movie tickets)

32
Q

General intelligence (g factor)

A

Spearmann. Intellectual ability one is born with.

33
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

Gardner proposed eight types of intelligences or “frames of mind”

34
Q

Triarchic

A

sternberg

35
Q

cross-sectional

A

measures groups of people in diff ages at a single point in time

36
Q

longitudinal

A

measures single group at different points in time

37
Q

tetrogens

A

enbryo not protected from all environmental dangers

38
Q

piaget (cognitive)

A

sensorimotor- (0-2) sensory and motor to learn about world
preoperational-(2-7) symbolic thinking to explore
Concrete operational (7-11) understand and think more logically
formal operational (11+)- able to think hypothetically

39
Q

schema

A

collection of ideas that represent a basic unit of understanding (folders)

40
Q

assimilation

A

using existing info and ideas to understand new knowledge and experiences (cars)

41
Q

accomidation

A

restructuring of old ideas to make place for new info (SUV)

42
Q

Conservation

A

unchanging properties of volume, mass, or amount in relation to appearencec

43
Q

Harlow’s rhesus monkeys

A

Security/comfort

44
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

psychosocial
Trust vs mistrust- (0-1) caregiver must be responsive
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3) learn to be independent. if restricted, will live in doubt.
innitiative vs guilt (3-6) more experiences, extend socially. More responsibility. No responsibility= feeling of shame.
industry vs inferiority (6-puberty) learning tasks. Sense of accomplishment.

45
Q

ego identity vs role confusion

A

a person finds their identity

46
Q

types of attachment

A

secure, avoidant, ambivalent

47
Q

parenting styles

A

authorative (S/D)
authoritarain (U/D)
permissive (S/U)
Rejecting-neglecting (U/U)

48
Q

Independant variables

A

Thing being tested

Psychology (4 decks)

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