Psychology test 2 Flashcards
How is learning defined?
Relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from our experiences
What 3 different types of conditioning are there?
Classical, operant, and observational.
What is classical conditioning
Two different stimuli are associated (pavlov)
Operant conditioning
Reward and punishment for behavior
What is stimulus generalization when relating to classical/operant conditioning?
Classical- After association is made in conditioned stimulus & response.
Operant- occurs when learned response to one stimulus occurs around similar stimuli
What is stimulus discrimination in classical and operant conditioning?
Classical- Differentiate between conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
Operant- With reinforcers, humans learn to discriminate
List Pavlov’s expirament and the types of responses/stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus: food Unconditioned response: salivating Neutral stimulus: bell ringing Conditioned stimulus: bell ringing Conditioned response: salivating
What is higher order conditioning?
When you add another unconditioned stimulus for a conditioned response when paired with the previous conditioned stimulus (ex: adding light with food bell)
Positive and negative reinforcement
positive-When reinforcers are added to encourage behavior (treats)
Negative- when unpleasant stimulus is removed to encourage behavior (take away chores)
Positive/Negative punishment
Pos- Addition of something unpleasant to discourage behavior (adding chores)
Neg-subtraction of something pleasant to discourage behavior (no dessert)
Primary reinforcers VS secondary reinforcers
Primary-Satisfies biological need
Secondary-Doesn’t, but tied to association with primary reinforcers
Partial reinforcement effect
When reinforcement is randomized, keeps behavior going until next reinforcement is given (ex:coin slots)
Bandura’s Bobo doll expirament
Revealed the speed with which children adopted aggressive behavior modeled by adults
Encoding
Info enters the memory system
Storage
Preserving info for recollection in future
Retrieval
refers to the process of accessing info encoded and stored for memory
visiospatial
Where visual and spatial data are briefly stored and manipulated (layout of room or stores)
Phonological loop
For working with verbal info for brief periods of time
Central executive
Directs attention
Episodic Buffer
Bridge between memory and conscious awareness
Explicit memory
memory you are aware of (expressed in words, facts, experiences)
sematic memory
memory if info, general facts (type of explicit)
episodic memory
record of memorable experiences or episodes (ex: when and where. Type of explicit)
Flashbulb memory
detailed account of circumstances surrounding emotionally significant historic events (9/11)
Implicit memory
memory of something one knows or knows how to do. May be automatic or unconscious.
Procedural memory
unconscious memory of skills and activities (riding a bike)
Serial position effect
items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be recalled (recency-end, primacy-beginnning)
formal concept
mental representations of categories created through rigid and logical rules or features
normal concept
mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life
representative heuristic
decision making used to evaluate degree of which primary characteristics of a person or situation are similar to prototype of person or situation (ex: custodian VS politician)
Framing effect
demonstrates how outcome of decision can be influenced by wording of questions or context of problem (movie tickets)
General intelligence (g factor)
Spearmann. Intellectual ability one is born with.
Multiple intelligences
Gardner proposed eight types of intelligences or “frames of mind”
Triarchic
sternberg
cross-sectional
measures groups of people in diff ages at a single point in time
longitudinal
measures single group at different points in time
tetrogens
enbryo not protected from all environmental dangers
piaget (cognitive)
sensorimotor- (0-2) sensory and motor to learn about world
preoperational-(2-7) symbolic thinking to explore
Concrete operational (7-11) understand and think more logically
formal operational (11+)- able to think hypothetically
schema
collection of ideas that represent a basic unit of understanding (folders)
assimilation
using existing info and ideas to understand new knowledge and experiences (cars)
accomidation
restructuring of old ideas to make place for new info (SUV)
Conservation
unchanging properties of volume, mass, or amount in relation to appearencec
Harlow’s rhesus monkeys
Security/comfort
Erikson’s theory
psychosocial
Trust vs mistrust- (0-1) caregiver must be responsive
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3) learn to be independent. if restricted, will live in doubt.
innitiative vs guilt (3-6) more experiences, extend socially. More responsibility. No responsibility= feeling of shame.
industry vs inferiority (6-puberty) learning tasks. Sense of accomplishment.
ego identity vs role confusion
a person finds their identity
types of attachment
secure, avoidant, ambivalent
parenting styles
authorative (S/D)
authoritarain (U/D)
permissive (S/U)
Rejecting-neglecting (U/U)
Independant variables
Thing being tested
