Final

Question 1

What are the psychological perspectives?

Answer 1

Psychoanalytic-Sigmund Freud. Focuses on abnormal aspects and inner desires along with expectations of society.
Behavioral- John Watson. Scientific study of behaviors that could be seen and/or measured.
Humanistic- Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow. Says human nature is positive, and that people are naturally inclined to grow for the better.
Cognitive-Renewed focus on mental processes, including physiological explanations.
Structuralism-Introspection to describe the structure of the mind
Evolutionary-Darwin. Knowledge about evolutionary forces to understand behavior.
Funtionalism-How mind functions to help us adapt and survive
Biological- Knowledge from underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes.
Biopsuchosocial-Examines all 3 factors that can influence behavior.
Sociocultural- Examining large influences of other people and the larger culture.

Question 2

What is psychology?

Answer 2

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 3

What is a dependent variable? Independent?

Answer 3

Dep-The characteristic/response researchers are trying to measure or observe.
Ind-the variable researchers are deliberately changing.

Example:If groups were given different types of energy drinks, the drinks would be the ind. variable, and the effect it had on them would be the dep. variable.

Question 4

How is the corpus callosum related to split brain experiments?

Answer 4

The corpus callosum is what links the left and right hemispheres together. When this is severed, the left and right brain can no longer work together to process information, but can cure things like seizures.

Question 5

What are neurotransmitters?

Answer 5

Nerurons communicate with each other via chemicals called neurotransmitters

Question 6

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Answer 6

Sensation is when you use your senses to recieve and detect stimuli. Perception is how you organize and interpret that information.

Question 7

How is the olfactory sensation related to the limbic system?

Answer 7

Olfaction is connected to the limbic system to attach certain scents with emotion, such as smelling a friend’s perfume and making you happy. Creates reminiscence.

Question 8

How long are sleep cycles? How many stages are in a cycle?

Answer 8

Sleep cycles are about 90 minutes long, with at least one NREM and one REM stage, however stages differ over the course of the night. Each night has about 4 or 5 multistage sleep cycles.

Question 9

What is an example of a circadian rhythm?

Answer 9

Circadian rhythm is the 24 hour cycle of daylight and darkness. Two times that sleep hits the hardest is at 2-6 AM and 2:30 PM

Question 10

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 10

It’s two tiny bundles of neurons within the hypothalamus. It sends messages about light to other areas of the brain and regulates production of melatonin (sleep inducing hormone).

Question 11

What are three different types of learning?

Answer 11

Classic conditioning- (Pavlov) Has a Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, and Neutral Stimulus. With repeated exposure to the NS paired with the US, the response becomes Conditioned to the Conditioned Stimulus (previously NS).
Operant conditioning- (Skinner boxes) rewards and punishment condition behavior
Observational-(Bandura) Learning through watching behavior of others.

Question 12

What did Bandura attempt to study with the Bobo doll experiment?

Answer 12

He wanted to show the impact of observational learning through having adults perform violent behaviors on clown dolls while kids watched, and then allowing the children to be with the dolls. Their immediate response was to be violent just like the adults

Question 13

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 13

Something that increases a behavior. Negative would be to take away something unpleasant (No chores for good grades) to encourage good behavior. Positive would be to add something pleasant (more TV time for a kid cleaning his room) to encourage good behavior.

Question 14

What are the definitions and the “order” of the memory “process”?

Answer 14

Encoding-when information enters our memory system
Storage-Preserving information for recollection in the future
Retrieval-accessing information encoded and stored in the memory

Question 15

What is the order of the information processing model of memory?

Answer 15

Sensory:captures near exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for very brief periods of time
Short term: temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information
long term: unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences

Question 16

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 16

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval. For example, taking a test in a classroom where you learned the information will help you recall information better than taking the test elsewhere.

Question 17

What is the framing effect?

Answer 17

The wording of a question or the context of a problem can influence the outcome of a decision. Ex: When a policeman asks observers about a car accident, whether he asks how fast the car was going when they “crashed” or “collided” can change the answer the observer says

Question 18

What are the different ways that intelligence is conceptualized?

Answer 18

g factor- (Spearman) a singular underlying aptitude or intellectual ability.
Gardner’s theory- Believed that there could be multiple intelligences, 8 different “frames of mind” that people may fall under one or two.
The Triarchic theory of intelligence- (sternberg) suggests that humans have various degrees of analytic, creative, and practical intelligences.

Question 19

Piaget’s theory

Answer 19

Sensorimotor-(0-2) infants use their sensory capabilities and motor skills to learn about the world
preoperational-(2-7) Using language to explore world
Concrete operational-(7-11) Think more logically, but limited to concrete concepts
Formal operational-(11+)children think more logically, systemically and abstractly.

Question 20

Schema, assimilation, accomodation

Answer 20

S-a collection of ideas that represent a basic unit of understanding
As-using existing information and ideas to understand new knowledge and experiences
Ac-A restructuring of old ideas to make a place for new info

Question 21

Egocentricism and concervation

Answer 21

E-Being able to imagine the world only from one’s own perspective
C-Unchanging properties of volume, mass, or amount in relation to appearance

Question 22

4 types of parenting styles

Answer 22

Authoritarian- rigid style with strict rules and poor communication
Authoritative-High expectations, strong support, and respect for children
permissive-low demands and few limitations
uninvolved-indifference to child and lack of emotional involvement

Question 23

Maslow’s heirarchy

Answer 23

(ascending) physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization, self transcendance

Question 24

Implicit theory

Answer 24

specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on a limited amount of initial information about an unfamiliar person
Consistancy-a newly formed impression that relates to what is already known about the other person
Attribute-how people view trait stability in another person
(add more for final)

Question 25

What are psychological approaches and their beliefs about how personality is formed

Answer 25

psychoanalytical perspective – unconscious forces shape personality early in life, including interactions between children and parents, internal conflicts influence personality, etc
Social cognitive-personality results from patterns of thinking as well as relationships and other factors in environment
(edit more)

Question 26

Freud’s theory (id, ego, superego)

Answer 26

Id-psychic energy, impulsive and illogical
Superego-internalized rules “conscience”
Ego-monitors demands of id and superego

Question 27

projective versus an objective personality test

Answer 27

pro-present stimuli without a specified meaning to test takers, whose responses can then be interpreted to uncover underlying personality characteristics (ink blots)
Ob-standardized questions with previously established answers (T/F, multiple choice, etc)

Question 28

selye’s general adaptation syndrome

Answer 28

alarm->resistance till body crash ->exhaustion (get sick easily)

Question 29

4 types of errors in attributions

Answer 29

Situational-belief that some environmental factor is involved in the cause of an event or activity
dispositional-belief that some characteristic of an individual is involved in the cause of a situation, event, or activity
fundamental-tendancy to overestimate the degree to which the characteristics of an individual are the cause of an event, and to underestimate the involvement of situational factors
just world hypothesis- the tendancy to believe the world is a fair place and individuals generally get what they deserve

Question 30

persuasion

Answer 30

source: credibility of person
message:logic, to the point, shows power
audience:who it is and which of their characteristics matter
foot in door, door in face techniques

Question 31

social facilitation

Answer 31

tendency for the presence of others to improve personal performance when the task or event is fairly uncomplicated ad a person is adequately prepared (ex:running on a treadmill with a friend and going faster)