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MCAT > Psychology & Sociology - MCAT > Flashcards

Psychology & Sociology - MCAT Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is parallel play?

A

Kids playing by themselves but observing other kids playing and adjusting their behavior accordingly Often seen in pre-school aged kids

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2
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Slowly adapting to a new culture from an old one

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3
Q

What is socialization?

A

Learning social norms and values expected in one’s society ex.

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4
Q

What part of the eye holds the vitreous humor?

A

posterior chamber

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5
Q

What part of the eye holds the aqueous humor?

A

anterior chamber

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6
Q

What part of the eye holds the rods and cones?

A

retina

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7
Q

What muscle changes the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle

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8
Q

Where are most of the cones in the eye?

A

fovea

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9
Q

What types of cones are there?

A

red, green, blue

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10
Q

What feature of the eye is specialized for low light?

A

rods

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11
Q

What photoreceptor contains rhodopsin?

A

rods

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12
Q

Where are rods concentrated?

A

the periphery of the eye

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13
Q

What is the order of the visual processing pathway?

A

optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> occipital lobe

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14
Q

What is the motion parallax?

A

Viewing closer objects as moving faster and farther objects as moving slower

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15
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

longitudinal

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16
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear?

A

ear lobe, pinna/auricle, external auditoriy canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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17
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), eustachian tube

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18
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

connects middle ear to throat

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19
Q

What are parts of the inner ear?

A

It is the bony labyrinth comprised of semicircular canals (posterior, lateral, anterior), cochlea, vestibule, hair cells (stereocilia), and basilar membrane

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20
Q

What is the neural pathway from rods and cones?

A

Rods & cones -> horizontal cells -> bipolar cells -> amicrine cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve

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21
Q

What side of the eyes and brain processes an image on the right?

A

The left sides

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22
Q

What neuronal cell of the lateral geniculate nucleus detects motion but NOT fine details?

A

magnocellular neurons

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23
Q

What neuronal cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus detect fine details but NOT motion?

A

parvocellular neurons

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24
Q

What is systematically given attention to one thing at a time called?

A

serial memory processing

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25
Q

The act of integrating multiple stimuli simultaneously is known as what?

A

parallel processing

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26
Q

What is the pathway of sound hitting the hair cells (stereocilia) of the ear to transmit sound?

A

Sound hits ear drum -> amplified by Malleus, Incus, Stapes (MIS) -> Oval window

Sound waves hit endolymph surrounding hair cells -> hair cells vibrate -> Potassium influx into hair cells -> Calcium influx into hair cells -> Release of neurotransmitters to vestibulocochlear nerve -> Medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory complex in Temporal lobe

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27
Q

What are the two functions of the hair cells of the ear (stereocilia)

A

Balance and detecting sounds

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28
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

Sense rotational acceleration

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29
Q

What is the function of the vestibule in the inner ear?

A

senses linear acceleration

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30
Q

What is the pathway of taste sensation in the brain?

A

thalamus -> gustatory cortex

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31
Q

What is the process of smell in the brain?

A

olfactory bulb-> olfactory tract -> limbic system

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32
Q

What is the absolute threshold for a sensory stimulus?

A

The level of intensity a stimulus has to be in order for your NEURONS to pick up on it at least 50% of the time

33
Q

What is the threshold of conscious perception?

A

How intense a stimulus has to be for you to actually consciously acknowledge it

34
Q

What is psychophysical discrimination testing?

A

Testing whether a subject can tell the difference between to stimuli

35
Q

What does Weber’s law / the just-noticeable difference state?

A

For a given stimulus, the change you notice will be a constant proportion of the original input

ex. if you can tell the difference between a 10 lb weight becoming an 11 lb weight, that is a 10% difference. So if you were to next pick up a 50lb weight, you could tell the difference between the 50 and 55lb weight.

***does not work for extremes such as a ton or mg weights

36
Q

What is it called when a stimulus is absent and it is perceived as absent?

A

correct rejection

37
Q

What is it called if a stimulus is present but you do not perceive it?

A

miss

38
Q

What does the law of pranganz state?

A

People perceive objects in a simple, orderly way (part of Gestalt’s visual perception) - you see simplified pictures

39
Q

What are monocular visual cues?

A

relative size, texture gradient, shape, size, height, motion parallax, contrast

NOT retinal disparity (binocular cues)

40
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Ranking individuals based on socioeconomic tiers based on class, race, income, education, power

41
Q

The idea of reaching your full potential/being the best you can be is what tier of Maslow’s theory on hierarchy of needs?

A

self-actualization

42
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The belief that a person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture

43
Q

What are mores?

A

Informal rules BUT they have strict punishments

44
Q

What are folkways?

A

Informal rules that may annoy people but do NOT have harsh consequences

45
Q

What is attrition bias?

A

When subjects drop out of study gradually over time

46
Q

What is social desirability bias?

A

When subjects act in a way they find more socially acceptable

47
Q
A
48
Q

What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?

A

discrimination is when you put the thoughts (your prejudices) into actual actions

49
Q

What is it called when someone remembers every detail of a particular event?

A

flashbulb memory

50
Q

In operant conditioning, how is the subject’s motivational state determined?

A

by LACK of the reward they were getting…if they keep performing the behavior they are very motivated to get that reward back

51
Q

What type of memory remembers facts and explicit pieces of knowledge that aren’t necessarily pertinent to one’s personal life (haven’t been lived through)?

A

semantic memory

52
Q

What type of memory remembers events that one has gone through?

A

episodic memory

53
Q

What is a type I error?

A

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually true

54
Q

What is a type II error?

A

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it’s actually false

55
Q

What is construct validity?

A

How well your means of measuring a variable actually equates to what the real value of it is

56
Q

To be reliable is to be ____ while to be valid is to be ____

A

consistent; accurate

57
Q
A
58
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

How close two people’s outcomes are when measuring the same thing (able to show how externally valid an experiment is)

59
Q

What is the social/socioeconomic gradient in health?

A

The fact that wealthy people live longer than middle class people live longer than poor people

60
Q

What is the lifecourse perspective?

A

Explains changes to psychological, social, and biological processes overtime

61
Q

What is a source-monitoring error?

A

Incorrectly thinking you learned something from a specific instance but it didn’t actually occur then…not knowing how you learned something but having it memorized

ex. thinking previously learned name is someone who is famous

62
Q

What are the different types of pove

A

marginal poverty - instability in employment

absolute poverty - poverty as defined between many countries

relative poverty - poverty in relation to another group/class

63
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Valuing personal traits over external factors in someone else

64
Q

What is a schema?

A

Helps us organize information to be able to respond to something/interpret info quickly

65
Q

What is impression management?

A

Using certain behaviors to manipulate ones impression of your personality

66
Q

What are dispositional behaviors?

A

behaviors that are due to internal attributes

67
Q

What are situational behaviors?

A

behaviors due to genetics, socioeconomics, race, etc

68
Q

What does drive reduction thoery state?

A

all motives arise from the need to respond to drives such as thirst, hunger, temperature, and biological needs

69
Q

What does humanistic theory state?

A

Humans are intrinsically good with the desire to get better

70
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

Divides the id (unseen traits/basic motives like sex drive), ego (rational self that mediates id and superego), superego (perfectionistic self, who you strive to be)

71
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

Things beyond money that lead to social mobility such as intelligence or good style

72
Q

What is ascribed status?

A

something that you’ve been labelled with at birth that you cannot change such as race, sex, and background

73
Q

What is social cognitive theory concerned with?

A

Learning things from observation of others (modeling, observational learning)

74
Q

What does intersectionality in psychology refer to?

A

The simultaneous experience of race, gender, sexuality, nationality, SES, etc.

75
Q

What does opponent process theory state?

A

people want to avoid extreme emotions by “oppossing”

76
Q

What does the diathesis stress model state?

A

It explains behavior by genetic predispositions

77
Q

What is the just-world hypothesis?

A

States that the world is fair (moral choices determine outcomes)

78
Q

What is place theory?

A

Being able to hear different sounds coming from different places

MCAT (6 decks)

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