psychology - social psychology

Question 1

What is compliance?

Answer 1

when a person conforms publicly but keeps their private views unchanged.

Question 2

what is identification?

Answer 2

when an individual adopts the views and/or behaviors of a group both publicly and privately because they identify with the group. the change of beliefs may only be temporary and not maintained once leaving the group

Question 3

What is internalization ?

Answer 3

this is where the conversion and true change of private views to match those of the group. these new views become a part of the individuals value system.

Question 4

What is normative social influence?

Answer 4

the desire to be liked, desire for approval of others and to be accepted by the group.(often compliance only)

Question 5

what is informational social influence?

Answer 5

desire to be right, looking to others for hints on how to think/behave particularly in new situations. (may be internalization)

Question 6

What was the aim of Asch’s conformity study?

Answer 6

to see if individuals would conform to a majority when presented with an unambiguous task.

Question 7

What was the procedure of Asch’s conformity task.

Answer 7

one naïve participant was placed in a group of 7-9 confederates, they were all seated at a table and shown the stimulus cards which had a standard line and comparison lines. The confederates would all give the wrong answer and the the naive participant had to give theirs

Question 8

What were the findings for Asch’s conformity study?

Answer 8

26% of participants never conformed even with considerable amounts of pressure. 74% of the participants conformed at least once. On average people conformed a third of the time. 5% of participants conformed on every trial.

Question 9

what are the variables that affect conformity?

Answer 9

group size, unanimity, task difficulty

Question 10

how does group size affect conformity?

Answer 10

If there was one confederate there was 3% conformity, two confederates there was 13% conformity and three or more confederates meant there was 33% conformity. any more the three confederates didn’t seem to have much of an affect on the conformity and the effect would plateau

Question 11

how does unanimity affect conformity?

Answer 11

If all of the confederates give the same wrong answer then conformity is 37% but if one participant breaks the unanimity then conformity decreases to 5.5%.

Question 12

how does task difficulty affect conformity?

Answer 12

Asch found that if the comparison lines were similar in length then conformity was more likely

Question 13

What is the research about individual differences findings for conformity?

Answer 13

conformity was found to be higher among those who have low self esteem, those who are especially concerned about social relationships and those who need social approval and are attracted towards other group members

Question 14

When does normal social influence occur?

Answer 14

low uncertainty, low task difficulty, high social pressure

Question 15

when does informational social influence occur?

Answer 15

high uncertainty, high task difficulty and low social pressure

Question 16

when does both normative and informational social influence occur?

Answer 16

high uncertainty, high task difficulty and high social pressure

Question 17

what was the aim of Zimbardo’s experiment?

Answer 17

investigate whether people conform to social roles because of situational factors(the power structure of the prison environment

Question 18

what is the procedure of Zimbardo’s prison experiment?

Answer 18

24 volunteers were psychologically tested and then were randomly selected to be a prisoner or a guard in a mock prison that was set up under Stanford university. on the day of the start of the experiment the prisoners were arrested and taken to the prison and given frocks to wear. the guards were given khaki army uniforms, reflector sunglasses and wooden batons. The experiment was meant to be two weeks but was finished after 6 days. The guards were instructed to keep prisoners under control but were not allowed to use physical aggression

Question 19

What were the findings from Zimbardo’s prison experiment?

Answer 19

After an initial rebellion the prisoners became submissive, some had to be released early due to extreme emotional reactions. The guards harassed the prisoners so much that the experiment had to be cut short after 6 days and one third of them became tyrannical in their arbitrary use of power

Question 20

What are the conclusions from Zimbardo’s research.

Answer 20

The behavior observed was due to the situation rather than the individuals personalities. The participants conformed to their roles demonstrating conformity by identification. This can be explained by deindividuation of the reflector glasses and the numbers for the prisoners

Question 21

What are some evaluation points of Zimbardo’s experiment?

Answer 21

lacks population validity, artificial setting, demand characteristics because they knew they were in an experiment so they so they might have acted how they thought was desired.

Question 22

What is the aim of Milgram’s study?

Answer 22

Discover what the factors were in a situation that lead people to obey.

Question 23

What was the procedure of Milgram’s study?

Answer 23

Participants were told that they were going to be testing punishment with learning. They were shown a confederate ‘learner’ and told that each time the learner in the conjoining room would get a memory question wrong the would be electrocuted with an increasing voltage of 15V from 15V up to 450V. The responses were already recorded and played through a speaker. Milgram was testing how far the P would go and if they hesitated they would be given verbal prompts and urged to carry on

Question 24

What were the findings from Milgram’s study?

Answer 24

100% of P’s went up to 300V with 12.5% stopping after that and 65% went up to 450V. 84% of the participants said that they were glad to have participated and 74% said that they learned something of personal importance.

Question 25

What are the conclusions from Milgram’s study.

Answer 25

People will obey an authority figure even if it results in harming another individual. Even though they were experiencing self conflict- when urged to continue they would

Question 26

What are the dispositional explanations for obedience?

Answer 26

having an authoritarian personality

Question 27

what is an authoritarian personality and how is it developed?

Answer 27

a collection of traits developed from strict and rigid parenting like intolerance of ambiguity, strict adherence to social rules and hierarchies, dogmatic and hostile towards those of lower status and vice versa

Question 28

What are the non-dispositional explanations of obedience?

Answer 28

Agentic state, perceived legitimate authority and situational variables

Question 29

What are the situational variables which affect obedience?

Answer 29

uniform, location and proximity.

Question 30

how does changing our proximity affect our sense of responsibility?

Answer 30

if there is any presence of buffers then the individual is protected from having to conform to the consequences of their actions.

Question 31

what are the situational variations involved with Milgram’s study regarding proximity?

Answer 31

Original- teacher and learner were in different rooms. Teacher-learner in the same room- Milgram increased the proximity so the teacher and learner were in the same room (40%)and then closer again so that the teacher put the learners hand on the shock plate (30%). Remote authority- the authority figure gave instructions over the phone(21%)

Question 32

what are the situational variations involved with Milgram’s study regarding location?

Answer 32

They conducted the experiment in a run-down office and found that obedience dropped to 48%

Question 33

What was the original obedience rate of Milgram’s study?

Answer 33

65%

Question 34

describe the procedure of Bickman’s study about uniform (situational factors of obedience)

Answer 34

Three male experimenters gave orders to 153 randomly selected pedestrians, one wore a jacket and a tie, another wore a Milkman’s uniform and the other wore ordinary clothes. The experimenter gave the pedestrians orders like “pick this bag up for me”.

Question 35

What were the findings from Bickman’s uniform experiment

Answer 35

92% of people compiled the the request to lend money with the guards uniform as opposed to the 49% compliance with the ordinary clothes variable

Question 36

What were the findings from Bushman(1988) and what was it a variation of?

Answer 36

It was a replication of Bickman’s study but with a female confederate. They found that 70% complied with the uniformed lady and 58% with the lady wearing ordinary clothes