psychology - social psychology Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is compliance?
when a person conforms publicly but keeps their private views unchanged.
what is identification?
when an individual adopts the views and/or behaviors of a group both publicly and privately because they identify with the group. the change of beliefs may only be temporary and not maintained once leaving the group
What is internalization ?
this is where the conversion and true change of private views to match those of the group. these new views become a part of the individuals value system.
What is normative social influence?
the desire to be liked, desire for approval of others and to be accepted by the group.(often compliance only)
what is informational social influence?
desire to be right, looking to others for hints on how to think/behave particularly in new situations. (may be internalization)
What was the aim of Asch’s conformity study?
to see if individuals would conform to a majority when presented with an unambiguous task.
What was the procedure of Asch’s conformity task.
one naïve participant was placed in a group of 7-9 confederates, they were all seated at a table and shown the stimulus cards which had a standard line and comparison lines. The confederates would all give the wrong answer and the the naive participant had to give theirs
What were the findings for Asch’s conformity study?
26% of participants never conformed even with considerable amounts of pressure. 74% of the participants conformed at least once. On average people conformed a third of the time. 5% of participants conformed on every trial.
what are the variables that affect conformity?
group size, unanimity, task difficulty
how does group size affect conformity?
If there was one confederate there was 3% conformity, two confederates there was 13% conformity and three or more confederates meant there was 33% conformity. any more the three confederates didn’t seem to have much of an affect on the conformity and the effect would plateau
how does unanimity affect conformity?
If all of the confederates give the same wrong answer then conformity is 37% but if one participant breaks the unanimity then conformity decreases to 5.5%.
how does task difficulty affect conformity?
Asch found that if the comparison lines were similar in length then conformity was more likely
What is the research about individual differences findings for conformity?
conformity was found to be higher among those who have low self esteem, those who are especially concerned about social relationships and those who need social approval and are attracted towards other group members
When does normal social influence occur?
low uncertainty, low task difficulty, high social pressure
when does informational social influence occur?
high uncertainty, high task difficulty and low social pressure
when does both normative and informational social influence occur?
high uncertainty, high task difficulty and high social pressure
what was the aim of Zimbardo’s experiment?
investigate whether people conform to social roles because of situational factors(the power structure of the prison environment
what is the procedure of Zimbardo’s prison experiment?
24 volunteers were psychologically tested and then were randomly selected to be a prisoner or a guard in a mock prison that was set up under Stanford university. on the day of the start of the experiment the prisoners were arrested and taken to the prison and given frocks to wear. the guards were given khaki army uniforms, reflector sunglasses and wooden batons. The experiment was meant to be two weeks but was finished after 6 days. The guards were instructed to keep prisoners under control but were not allowed to use physical aggression
What were the findings from Zimbardo’s prison experiment?
After an initial rebellion the prisoners became submissive, some had to be released early due to extreme emotional reactions. The guards harassed the prisoners so much that the experiment had to be cut short after 6 days and one third of them became tyrannical in their arbitrary use of power
What are the conclusions from Zimbardo’s research.
The behavior observed was due to the situation rather than the individuals personalities. The participants conformed to their roles demonstrating conformity by identification. This can be explained by deindividuation of the reflector glasses and the numbers for the prisoners
What are some evaluation points of Zimbardo’s experiment?
lacks population validity, artificial setting, demand characteristics because they knew they were in an experiment so they so they might have acted how they thought was desired.
What is the aim of Milgram’s study?
Discover what the factors were in a situation that lead people to obey.
What was the procedure of Milgram’s study?
Participants were told that they were going to be testing punishment with learning. They were shown a confederate ‘learner’ and told that each time the learner in the conjoining room would get a memory question wrong the would be electrocuted with an increasing voltage of 15V from 15V up to 450V. The responses were already recorded and played through a speaker. Milgram was testing how far the P would go and if they hesitated they would be given verbal prompts and urged to carry on
What were the findings from Milgram’s study?
100% of P’s went up to 300V with 12.5% stopping after that and 65% went up to 450V. 84% of the participants said that they were glad to have participated and 74% said that they learned something of personal importance.
