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rupert > psychology- attachment > Flashcards

psychology- attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment?

A

a close emotional connection between 2 people characterized by a mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity

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2
Q

how do children show they are attached?(5)

A

proximity seeking, separation protest, pleasure at reunion, secure base affect and stranger anxiety

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3
Q

what are the two infant-carer interactions ?

A

reciprocity and interactional synchrony

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4
Q

what is the Meltzoff and Moore experiment?

A

model presented three facial expressions. the baby had a dummy in its mouth the first time and then when the stimuli was repeated they recorded on tape the reactions. this was judged by separate people to prevent bias. they found that babies would imitate the models.

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5
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

non-verbal communication that becomes coordinated as they interact, this is promoted by eliciting reactions, which cretes a situation where they go back and fourth as if like a conversation.

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6
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A

the infant will copy what the care giver does and gets a reaction out of it. (meltzoff and moore)

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7
Q

limitations of meltzoff and moore study?

A

lacks reliability (koepke et al) and validity as studies failed to find the same results.

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8
Q

whats is the name of study by Schaffer and Emerson (1963)

A

The glasgow babies.

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9
Q

What was the Glasgow babies study

A

aim- investigate the development of attachment for babies and their mother, 60 babies visited every month, mother would rate scale of 4 the intensity of any protest when separated

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10
Q

limitations of the glasgow babies study?

A

each mother will react with different sensitivity, lacks cross-cultural validity and individual differences of each baby overlooked.

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11
Q

what animal did Harlow study on?

A

Infant monkeys

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12
Q

What was the aim of Harlow’s experiment

A

test whether food was the basis of attachment

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13
Q

describe the procedure of Harlow’s experiment

A

Infant monkey, no mother, cage, wire mother(food in bottle) and cloth mother, monitor behaviour.

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14
Q

Findings of Harlow’s experiment

A

monkey spent little time with wire mother(food only) looked for comfort with cloth mother(majority of the time).

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15
Q

what did Lorenz study on?

A

baby geese

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16
Q

what was the aim of Lorenz’s experiment.

A

investigate the mechanisms of imprinting on where youngsters form attachments on the first big moving objects they see

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17
Q

what was the procedure for Lorenz experiment ?

A

one clutch of geese was split up. one group where hatched naturally with the mother and the other where kept in an incubator, these where hatched and the first thing they saw was Lorenz. The geese followed their respective ‘mothers’ around

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18
Q

how did Lorenz test the idea that imprinting was irreversible

A

all of the hatchlings were put under an upturned box and then when it was raised the hatchlings all went and followed their respective ‘mother’

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19
Q

what is said to be the critical period for imprinting ?

A

between 4 and 25 hours after being born.

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20
Q

What does the word imprinting mean?

A

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with a mother.

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21
Q

what is a limitation of Conrad Lorenz’s experiment?

A

Guiton had evidence to criticize his theory about the imprinting being irreversible

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22
Q

what was Guiton’s experiment

A

leghorn ducks were brought up with yellow rubber gloves, and male chicks tried to mate with the gloves, however when they were put back with their species for a sustained period of time they returned back to expected sexual behaviour.

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23
Q

What are the two types of learning theory?

A

operant conditioning and classical conditioning

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24
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

a NS is paired with a UCS and then association forms, this means the NS->CS and the CS forms a CR

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25
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

adding or taking away something good or bad in order to manipulate a certain behavior

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26
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

adding something like a reward because of a good behaviour

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27
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

taking away something bad because of a good behavior

28
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

adding something bad because of unpleasant behavior

29
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

taking away something good because of a bad behavior

30
Q

what is the social learning theory?

A

the process of learning something by copying someone and observing and imitating them

31
Q

what is skinners rat experiment?

(food)

A

when a rat pressed a lever the rats would receive a pellet of food. once they realised this they would repeat it, therefore they were positively reinforced

32
Q

what is skinners rat experiment?

electric shock

A

a light would come on to indicate that the shock was about to go off if the rats hit the lever they would turn off the light and therefore turn off the shock. the rats quickly learned to do this.-negative reinforcement

33
Q

what does Bowlby’s learning theory say?

A

Bowlbys learning theory states that food is the basis of attachment, and that behaviour is learnt even attahment

34
Q

what are the two types of conditioning to Bowlby’s learning theory?

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

35
Q

who created the strange situation?

A

Mary Ainsworth

36
Q

what are the three types of attachment according to Mary Ainsworth?

A

securely attached, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant

37
Q

explain secure attachment.

A

infant and primary caregiver have harmonious and cooperative interactions. Wont cry when separated but shows distress when with a stranger and seeks bodily contact whenever in distress

38
Q

explain insecure resistant attachment

A

no consistent pattern of behaviour under each condition. they require proximity at all times but avoid bodily contact.

39
Q

explain insecure avoidant attachment

A

infants are uninterested in their primary caregiver and often show no emotion towards anything they do

40
Q

what was the aim of the strange situation

A

to investigate and classify attachment type by conducting a controlled laboratory experiment

41
Q

what are some evaluation points of the strange situation?

A

inter-rater reliability(0.94 agreement), cross cultural validity- only done in USA, lacks ecological validity(lab observation) however…(babies wont know any different),circle of security project-tech caregivers about attachment=real world application

42
Q

what is Takahashi experiments and the difference in findings?

A

it is an extension of the strange situation- done in japan- due to cultural variations the Japanese infants showed high levels of distress as they don’t normally leave their mothers side

43
Q

what is the Grossman & Grossman study?

A

similar to the Takahashi experiment but it was done with german infants who showed high levels of insecure avoidant as in their culture the parents leave them to be more independant

44
Q

summarize the Van Ijzendoorns and Kroonenberg study.

A

meta analysis of strange situation for 8 countries and over 2000 different cases

45
Q

summarize key findings from the Van Ijzendoorns and Kroonenberg study.

A

secure attachment was the most common attachment across all cultures. they also found that variation within cultures is 1.5x more likely than variation between cultures

46
Q

what was the fourth type of attachment

A

insecure diagnosed-no consistent type and no clear strategy for coping with separation.

47
Q

what is meta analysis?

A

a researcher examines the findings of a number of studies and creates a statistic to represent the overall effect

48
Q

what is the difference between intercultural and intracultural differences?

A

inter- differences between two or more cultures. intra- differences within a culture

49
Q

what were the 8 countries that Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs studied in?

A

UK, USA, Netherlands, China, Japan, Germany, Sweden and Israel

50
Q

what are some evaluation points of cultural variations

A

imposed etic, small samples, link to Bowlby, non-indigenous researchers will have different interpretations

51
Q

what is imposed etic?

A

the SS was based on western values of child-rearing practices therefore it cannot always be applied to measure attachment in other cultures.

52
Q

what was bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation about?

A

the negative effects of disruption of attachment and the emotional maladjustment this can cause

53
Q

what is the description Bowlby gives for how an attachment should go

A

Bowlby said there should be a warm continuous relationship between a mother and child

54
Q

what is the critical period for the maternal deprivation theory?

A

from birth to 2.5 years is when there needs to be a warm continuous relationship but there is still a risk of damage for up to 5 years

55
Q

what are the possible negative long term affects of maternal deprivation that bowlby suggested

A

separation anxiety, affectionless psychopathy(inability to feel guilt), damage to social emotional and intellectual development

56
Q

what is the key study that goes with the Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.

A

44 thieves study

57
Q

what is the difference between the monotropy theory and the deprivation theory ?

A

monotropy theory is how and why the attachment will form. deprivation theory is what will happen if they don’t form an attachment

58
Q

what was the aim of the 44 thieves study

A

investigate whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency

59
Q

what happened in the 44 thieves study?

A

a group of 44 children who were caught stealing and there was a control group of 44 children, some of the thieves were affectionless psychopaths , those diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths experienced early separations 12 out of 14 times, including foster homes

60
Q

what are the evaluation points for the 44 thieves study

A

extraneous variables, assumed cause and effect but can only establish a correlation, Rutter- possibly caused by privation, Bowlby used interviews which can be affected by investigator effects

61
Q

what is an institution?

A

a place where people sleep as opposed to going tot daily e.g. orphanage, prison

62
Q

Describe the study by Rutter and Sonuga-Barke (2010)

A

investigate the effects of institutionalisation. 165 Romanian orphans were taken out of their orphanages(111 before they turned 6 months old) they were compared with a group of 54 English orphans. They were measured on there physical cognitive and social development. It was a longitudinal study so they were assessed at the ages of 4,6,11 and 15.The Romanians were physically underdeveloped and classified as mentally retarded. They found that overall their were no long term effects of institutionalisation as long as they were adopted before 6 months

63
Q

what are the other Romanian orphan studies?

A

Le Mare and Audet and Zeanah et al

64
Q

What are the overall conclusions for research about Romanian orphans and the effects of institutionalisation?

A

Orphans can recover physically over a period of about 10 years but psychologically if they never create a mother-infant bond early on then it would be hard for them to recover and they will see problems in their relationships later on in life

65
Q
A

rupert (19 decks)

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