Psychology- Social influence Flashcards
what is Social psychology
THE STUDY ON HOW PEOPLES behavior and attitudes are influenced by actual or imagined presence of other people
What is a Social group
Two or more people who share similarities/ common identity
What are Social Norms?
The unwritten rules that all member of a group are supposed to follow.
Social Roles
The behavior and beliefs that are expected of someone with a particular position in a social group
Whenever a group is divided into two or more subgroups, the largest one is called……………. and the smaller ones are called.
majority, minority.
Private attitudes
The persons genuine beliefs and feelings about something
Public attitudes
What people tell other people then enjoy/ feel
Conformity
When someones public/private attitudes are influenced by the majority
What is compliance
When a person conforms publicly but not privately
Why do people comply
To fit into a group and avoid social rejection
Is compliance short term or long term
short term
What is identification
When a person conforms to be like a role model, or social role they admire
Is identification, short term or long term
short term
What view do identification change short term
private views
Internalization
When a person conforms both publicly and privately,
Is internationalization long term or short term
Long term
What are the 3 situational variables
-group size
-unanimity
-task difficulty
What is Normative Social Influence
People conform to feel accepted and fit in
When does Normative Social Influence happen. High or Low social pressure
High social Pressure
What type of conformity does normative social influence tend to lead to
Compliance
What is Informational Social Influence.
They conform because they want to be correct and they believe the majority is correct
When in Informational social Influence tend to happen: when social pressure is……. ambiguity is….
low, high
Informational social influence results in………..
Identification or Internalization
When was Zimbardos study
1971
What was Zimbardos aim
To find out if prison brutality is due to the personality if the prison guards or because they are conforming to social roles
what did Zimbardo build
A mock prison
How many people were in Zimbardos Study
75 male students
How was the groups assigned in Zimbardos study
random allocation
Was Zimbardos study controlled or field
controlled
was Zimbardos study overt or covert
overt
How did the guards treat the prisoners
Brutally
prisoners tried to….
Rebel and then became increasingly passive
How many days after the start did Zimbardo have to stop the study
6
Zimbardos study was considered…
unethical, as participants experienced stress with lasting consequences.
Zimbardos participants were all
white male american, which means the findings may lack Generalisablitiy
Zimbardos study also lacked e……..
ecological validity
Zimbardo being involved in the study could’ve created i………………
Investigator effects
Jenness study.
he asked people to guess how many jelly beans were in a jar, before and after group discussion
Jenness findings
Peoples estimates conformed to group estimate after the group discussion
What did Jenness conclude
The people in the group has internalized the groups estimate becasue they thought it was correct
Jenness study could have also been effected by N…….S…….I
Normative social influence
Jenness study doesn’t tell us much about non-
ambiguous situations
Asch aim….
How people conformed to the majority when the majority is obviously wrong.
Aschs investigated by
Getting people to judge line lengths, which were very easy to know and he checked if it was easy with a control group.
Aschs Findings
People did conform to the majority.
In Aschs findings, how many people conformed at least one
75%
In Aschs Findings, how many people overall conformed to the majority
32%
What was Aschs Control groups error rate
0.04%
Asch found when he reduced Unamity….
conformity decreased
Asch found when he increased group size
conformity increased up to a certain point
When Asch increased Task Difficulty
Conformity increased
Aschs study was lab study so might lack….
ecological validity
what was the ASCHS responce to ecological validty
he established a cause and effect
Aschs study could have d………..
demand characteristics
When unamity was decreased in aschs study the amount of people that conformed was
5.5%
When task difficulty increased in Aschs study
with two confederates, it is 13% and when there was 3 confederated it went up to 32%
What is Obedience
when a Person follows direct orders from, or obeys someone they feel has authority over them.
What are the 4 situational explanations of obedience
proximity of authority, proximity of victim, location and uniform
If the authority figure is closer
the chance of obedience is higher
If the victim is closer then the obedience rates
decreases
if the location is somewhere that carries authority, then obedience
Increases
if the uniform is present then the rate of obedience
Increases
The legitimacy of Authority says that
From a young age we learn to obey people who are higher up in the social hierarchy.
Agency theory says that
when people are given orders of a legitimate authority they shift responsibility onto the authority figure
Authoritarian personality says that
people are more likely to obey due to there authoritarian personality, which makes them more respectful towards authority
what was Milgrims aims
If ordinary people would obey authority figures even when the orders were unjust
How many participants in Milgrims study
40 male study
What study did the Participants of Milgrim study think they were doing
A learning an memory study
what was the confederates name
Mr wallace
In the memory task, participants were assigned the role of…
teacher
what was the participant in Milgrims study told to do to Mr Wallace if he got the question incorrect
Give him electric shocks which ranged from 15v to 450v
As the electric shocks got higher the prerecorded screams of Mr Wallace GOT…..
LOUDER
At 330v Mr Wallace became….
silent
participants that administered shocks up to the maximum was
65%
the participants that administers shocks up to 300v was
100%
Milgram relied on mostly……………… experiments. meaning he may have good control over variables .
laboratory
Demand characteristics in Milgrams study
Participants may have relealised that the shocks were false
Lack of population validity in Milgrim
the participants were all male and white
How was Milgrims research unethical
They couldn’t give informed consent as they were deceived and they experienced psychological harm
Milgrims findings in uniform, supports the legitimacy of authority….
showed that people were more likely to obey if the person is wearing uniform.
Milgrims findings on the effect of location. on legitimacy of authority
the findings show that for example if University professors in uni, they are more likely to obey as that is where they hold the most obedience
The legitimacy of authority ignores……….
individual differences
Milgrims study showed that people struggled to carry on, and the experimenter had to tell them to carry on supports the idea of …
moral strain
Also when these participants were told that the experimenter had full responsibility they carried on which is an example of…….
Agentic state
When the researcher was further away from the participant the obedience decreased
This is because they remain in the autonomous state.
The authoritarian personality shows that …………… affect the obedience rate
Individual differences
If people feel like they have social support they will resist social influences
more
what is locus of control
the extent to which a person believes they have control over events in their life
What locus of control do people have if they feel like they have control over events
internal
what locus of control do people have if they feel like they don’t have control over events
external
Locus of control: shute
support, participants filled out the questionnaire by Rutter, then decided how much there views could be influenced by other people. people who have internal conform less
Minority influence is when
A minority changes the attitudes and behavior of a majority
Three stages of conversion
conflict, understand, persuaded
conversion is a form of
internalization
Three ways in which i minority can strengthen their influence
Consistency, having attitudes which are constant over time and every one holds
commitment, by caring about there actions to risk punishment and disapproval
flexibility, by listening and understanding others view and be willing to change
Social change is when
a minority changes attitudes so that new social norms are created
when the conversions get quicker as more people are converting is called the
snowball effect
social cyrptoamnesia describes the thing when
people forget how the social change came around
Moscovici investigated
if the minority could change the views of the majority
Moscovici method:
asked the majority to guess the color of the slides, where in one condition the minority was inconsistent with there guesses and the other was consistent
Moscovivi found that
when the minority was consistent people agreed with them more. 8.52% of the time
Nemeth found that
people were more likely to agree with a flexible minority than an inflexible minority
Moscovivi lacked genrealisability due to
population validity
lacked ecological validity as
it was done in a lab
