Attachment Flashcards
An attachment is
a strong, lasting emotional bond formed between a baby and their caregiver
A safe base is when…
children treat their main caregiver as someone they can quickly return to
stranger anxiety is when
Children become distressed in presence of strangers
Seperation anxiety is when
Children are separated from their main caregiver and become distressed
The first stage of attachment is…….
asocial stage
The asocial stage lasts from……
0-6 weeks
In the Asocial stage babies…..
Don’t show any preference for one person or another
The second stage of attachment….
Indiscriminate attachment
the Indiscriminate attachment lasts from
6 weeks to 7 months
In the Indiscriminate attachment stage…..
Babies recognize familiar and prefer these familiar people to unfamiliar people.
The third attachment stage is
Discriminate attachment stage
The discriminate stage lasts from
7 months to 9 months
In the discriminate attachment stage
Babies form a strong attachment to just on caregiver
The fourth stage of attachment is
Multiple attachment stage
The multiple attachment stage lasts from
9 months onward
The multiple attachment stage involves
babies form attachments to others
Reciprocity is when
babies and caregivers take turns in actions
Schaffer and Emerson conducted a ……….,……………..,……… study
longitudinal, naturalistic, observational
How many babies and families did Shaffer and Emerson assess
60
Schaffer and Emerson found that attachments followed…..
The four main stages of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson also found that attachments formed when parents are…..
Responsive to babies needs
What influences does it suggest because babies go through the stages around the same time
Biological influences
A weakness of Schaffer and Emersons study is that i may have been prone to observer bias ………..
due to the observational design
Another weakness of Schaffer and Emersons study is that it may have been prone to social desirability bias.
because families may have wanted to show themselves in a good light
A strength of Schaffer and Emersons study is that it has high ecological validity because it was
naturalistic
Condon and sander
babies and mothers display reciprocity and international synchrony
Isabella
Babies and mothers who share higher reciprocity and international synchrony have a better relationship
The learning theory of attachment was created by…..
Dollard and miller
The learning theory of attachment suggests that attachment comes from
The experience of being fed by a caregiver
Who did the monkey study
Harry Harlow
How many baby moneys did harlow seperate from their mothers
8
Each of the monkeys had a …….. mother and a fake……. mother
wire and cloth
Half of the monkeys got their food from the…………. and the other half from the …….
wire , cloth mother
He found that the monkeys always chose the
Cloth monkey
does Harlows study support the learning theory
No, it suggests comfort is the reason why we form attachments
A strength of the learning theory of attachment is that there is plenty of time to form an attachment
they noted babied get fed 20000 times
The learning theory is not supported by observational study of …
Metapelets
What are the three main theories on the role of the father
Dads lack sensitive responsiveness, dads plays role of the playmate, dads are just as caring and sensitive as mothers
According to Bowlby, it is monotropic theory and that babies……
Only form one attachment figure and it is the mother
Grossman did a ………. study on how families change over time
Longitudinal
Grossman found that the strength of the internal Working model is associated with bond from the …….
Mother
Grossman found that the internal working model strength from the fathers …….
play sensitivity
Field did a observational study using ………
Frame by frame analysis
Field measured
the sensitive responsiveness, and time spent playing with the child
Field found that
Mothers had greater sensitive responsiveness and fathers had greater time spent playing with child
Cultural factors of the role of the father
they shouldn’t represent emotional bond, meaning they tend to ta eon role as playmate
According to the continuity hypothesis.
We imitate our relationship with our parents in our future relationships, with our friends, partners and children
Why does the continuity hypothesis happen
We build up an internal working model
People who have a secure attachment with their caregivers go on to have…….
Secure trusting relationships with their partners
People who have a insecure avoidant attachment with their caregivers go on to have…….
the expectation that no one will show them love or be dependable
People who have a insecure resistant attachment with their caregivers go on to have…….
an expectation that they have to act out to get love because they will be inconsistent with there love
Hazan-shaver conducted a…..
questionnaire-based correlational study
Hazan and shavers results showed that…..
Attachment to caregivers did influence future relationships
Mary Main conducted an ………
interview- based study
Mary main asked participants about the relationships with their …..
parents and their own children
Main found that …….
The percentage of adults displaying the attachment styles which were secure-70% and the others 15%. And that the attachment patterns correlated.
Hazan and saver used a volunteer sample therefore
The results may not be representable
Participants answers in Hazan and shaver may not have been accurate due to……
social desirability bias
Mains answers may have been inaccurate as ……..
they had to recall experiences from the past
The secure attachment style forms….
Close trusting relationships with their caregiver
secure attachments display 4 characteristics
Safe base behavior, high stranger anxiety, high separation anxiety and happy reunion
Insecure Avoidant attachment displays
Indifferent caregivers who aren’t very responsive
Insecure Avoidant has 4 characteristics…..
happy to explore, low stranger anxiety, low separation anxiety, indifferent reunion behavior
Insecure resistant displays
caregivers who provide inconsistent care
Insecure resistant has 4 characteristics..
unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, and high separation anxiety, angry reunion behavior.
Mary Ainsworth investigated
9 - 18 month babies and their mothers
Ainsworth found that children can be categorized into 3 different categorizes as well as
secure attachment having 70%, and both the insecure having 155
Ijzendorn and Kroonenburg conducted a meta analysis of
32 studies in 8 different countries
Ijzendorn and Kroonenburg found that the percentages from ainsworth did
replicate
Ijzendorn and Kroonenburg Individualist cultures had higher levels of
Insecure avoidant attachment
Ijzendorn and Kroonenburg collectivist cultures had higher levels of
insecure resistant avoidant
In the strange situation there is a high level of replicability
because it is well controlled
in the strange situation it has been replicated across
cultures
When children are deprived of emotional care during their critical period they may suffer from
Psychological damage
Consequences of Maternal deprivation
impaired cognitive, emotional and behavioral, development
Rutter argued that
Deprivation is when an attachment figure is removed and Privation is when attachment figure is never there
Bowlbys 44 thieves study found that
50% of thieves had experienced maternal separation compared to 5% in the control group, 32% of the thieves were = as affectionless psychopaths and 86% of these psychopaths had experienced separation
44 thieves may have lacked validity as it relied on
Them having a good memory on what there childhood was like
Extraneous variables in 44 thieves
there could have been enviromental factors
Maternal deprevation says that it is irreversible but
koluchovla did a case study on the twins who were locked in the basement, they did recover
Rutter romainian orphans found
British orphans displayed good cognitive and emotional development even after they were 6 months old, Romanian orphans before 6 months, but not as much after 6 months
Monotropic theory of attachment suggests that mothers and child have
evolved to form attachments
Babies are biological pre programmed to perform behaviors called
social releases
Bowlby suggested that babies
only form one attachment and that is to there main caregiver
Critical period
First 2 and a half years of a babies life
Internal working model
the schema that we develop from our main attachment figure
Lorenz gave support for 3 features of Bolwbies monotropic theory
pre-programmed- imprinting
monotropic- irreversible
imprint could only happen in certain time
