Psychology Social Approach

Question 1

Define Social Approach

Answer 1

Social psychology is the study of how our behavior is influenced by the presence, attitudes an actions of other people. Using psychological research methods, social psychologists investigate such things as: the effect of culture on our behavior, what happens when we join groups etc.

Question 2

Hypotheses

Answer 2

Specific testable predictions about what you expect to find after analyzing the data from your participants

Question 3

Define Obedience

Answer 3

Obedience is following an order given by a person with recognized authority over you.

Question 4

Milgram (63) aim

Answer 4

To establish a baseline measure of how obedience naive participants would be when ordered to administer increasingly intense electric shocks to an innocent victim

Question 5

Milgram number of volunteers

Answer 5

40

Question 6

Milgram sampling method and research method

Answer 6

Volunteer and Laboratory. Offered $4.00

Question 7

Milgram false aim

Answer 7

Told they would take part in a study on the effect of punishment on memory.

Question 8

Milgram learner script

Answer 8

Various points he complained of pain and went silent at 315v

Question 9

Milgram results

Answer 9

Every participant went to at least 300v, 14 stopped between 300 and 375 and the remaining 65% went all the way to 450v.

Question 10

Milgram follow up questionnaire

Answer 10

84% said they were glad or vary glad to have taken part, 74% claimed to have learn something of personal importance.

Question 11

Milgram variation

Answer 11

three-room office suite in a somewhat rundown commercial building located in the downtown shopping area. The laboratory was sparsely furnished, though clean, and marginally respectable in appearance. When subjects inquired about professional affiliations, they were informed only that we were a private firm conducting research for industry. paid $4.50 for coming to the laboratory. Found obedience dropped but was still high at 48%.

Question 12

Meeus and Raaijmakers (1985) aim

Answer 12

Test obedience where harm would be done in a more up to date way, which is less physical and more psychological.

Question 13

M + R false aim

Answer 13

Told that the job applicant was applying for a job which required him/her to work in stressful conditions

Question 14

M + R results

Answer 14

92% of participants obeyed, even though they thought it was unfair to do so.

Question 15

Agency Theory

Answer 15

Switch between the two opposing states. Human behavior evolved to include the tendency to obey.

Question 16

Autonomous state

Answer 16

When we use our own free will and take responsibility for our actions

Question 17

Agentic stste

Answer 17

When we act on behalf of another. We act in this state when we respond to legitimate authority.

Question 18

Agency Theory weakness

Answer 18

Not everyone obeys - 1 third of milgram’s participants refused to go all the way.

Question 19

Moral strain

Answer 19

Where we do something that goes against our principles but seems to be for the greater good.

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

An attitude towards another person based on little or no knowledge about them

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

Behavior towards another person based on prejudice.

Question 22

Social Identity Theory Stage 1

Answer 22

Social Categorization - Act of putting self and others into groups. Triggers stereotypical beliefs and forms your in-group and your out-groups.

Question 23

SIT Stage 2

Answer 23

Social identification -You absorb the culture of your in group, associate with groups values and norms and notice differences between yourself and your out group. Becomes an important part of how you view yourself.

Question 24

SIT stage 3

Answer 24

Social comparison -in order to boost self esteem you need your group to appear better than a chosen out group so you engineer this by making the out group look bad in comparison.

Question 25

Hofling (66) aim

Answer 25

To investigate nurse-physician relationship, specifically what happens when a nurse is ordered to carry out a procedure which goes against her professional standards.

Question 26

Hofling where and how many

Answer 26

Field study involving 3 hospitals in the Midwest US, one as a control. 22 nurses took part.

Question 27

Hofling number of participants given questionnaire

Answer 27

12 graduate nurses and 21 student nurses about what they would do if they were confronted with the situation.

Question 28

Hofling 4 stages of standardization

Answer 28

Nurse asked to give overdose of a drug, the medication order is given over the phone, the drug is unauthorized on the ward and the order is given by an unfamiliar voice.

Question 29

Hofling Questionnaire results

Answer 29

10 of 12 graduate nurses and all 21 students, said they would not have given the medication.

Question 30

Hofling experimental situation results

Answer 30

21 of the 22 nurses tested started to give the medication the calls were generally brief without any resistance.

Question 31

Hofling reliability

Answer 31

High - run 22 times and the procedure was the same throughout.

Question 32

Tajfel (1971) aim

Answer 32

To test whether the simple act of grouping was enough to produce prejudice between groups of very similar people.

Question 33

Tajfel basic procedure

Answer 33

Boys split into groups (Klee and Kandinsky) after fake art task. Asked to award scores which were tied together.

Question 34

Tajfel results

Answer 34

Boys typically awarded more points to members of their in group showing in group favoritism

Question 35

Tajfel variation of grid

Answer 35

Changed the grid so maximum points they could give to their in group meant the out group member got more. - could go for maximum in group profit, could go for maximum fairness (each team does well), could go for as many points as possible for all boys regardless of grouping - maximum joint profit. Could maximize difference in favor of in group.

Question 36

Tajfel results after variation

Answer 36

The majority opted to maximize the difference in favor of the in group.

Question 37

Tajfel support of validity

Answer 37

Locksley et al (1980) created explicitly random groups, removed force choice task and got them to divide poker chips between anonymous members. They also found strong in-group favoritism.