Psychology Semester 2 Flashcards
Actualizing Tendency
the desire to reach the various needs that humans have.
Agoraphobia
the fear of being in a place that a person cannot escape from or where he can’t get help if he experiences a panic attack.
Algorithms
systematic procedures that provide solutions
Alfred Binet
Developed the model for most of today’s intelligence tests.
Ambivalence
Conflicting thoughts and motives
Anti-social personality disorder
A chronic indifference to others that can include harming others or violating rights.
Anxiety
the apprehension or tension at anticipation of danger
Arousal Theory
States that each of us has an optimal level of arousal and that we are constantly trying to reach
Analogical reasoning
the process of understanding a novel or new situation by using a familiar one.
Appraisal theories
Focus on how individuals process and evaluate the situations they are in with relation to emotions
Basic level
the broadest category where items share common characteristics that are distinctive.
Big five factors
Including openness to experience
Bipolar disorder
Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more episodes of major depression.
Borderline personality disorder
Characterized by instability
Categories
groupings of things based on common characteristics
Charles Spearman
The person to use factor analysis to study intelligence.
Chunking
A strategy that can be used to increase the amount of information stored in short term memory.
Classical conditioning
one of the first types of learning to be studied and it is also referred to as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
Conditional response
One that has been learned
Conditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that through learning comes to bring forth the response.
Concepts
Mental representations of categories
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to look for affirmation of what we already believe
Conscious mental processes
Mental activities that we are aware of
Culture pattern approach
suggests that individual personality reflects cultural practices
David Wechsler
Developed Intelligence tests that were less biased towards non-native English speakers.
Decay theory
Suggests that forgetting happens because of fading memory connections
Decision Making
the process of weighing the pros and cons of different alternatives and making a choice.
Deductive reasoning
Involves reasoning fromaset of assumption or premises
Delusions
false beliefs
Distress
Negative stress or that which brings about negative feelings
Echoic Storage
the same as iconic storage only it refers to auditory information that is stored momentarily
Ego
The mental structure that balances between the id and the structure
Emotions
positive and negative emotions
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive emotions
Encoding
the processing of information and other input into your memory
Episodic Memory
Memories of particular events that is specific to a context.
Eu-stress
Healthy stress or that which brings positive feelings
Extrinsic Motivation
Some form of external reward
Extinction
A situation where no consequence follows the behavior.
Extroversion
The tendency to be sociable and active
Factors
Related elements in factor analysis
False self
Begins as a mask that the individual wears and eventually adopts as their psychological self
Factitious disorder
Occurs when an individual purposely tries to injure or make themselves sick
Five- factor Model
Separates traits into types
Generalized anxiety
A disorder in which an individual experiences anxiety and worry most of the time.
General Adaption Syndrome
Has three stages : Alarm
Goals
desired outcomes that we have through social learning
Grammar
The system in a given language for generating acceptable utterances and for identifying those that are not acceptable
Habituation
the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
Health psychology
Studies of how psychological influences keep people healthy
Hierarchy of needs
States that basic survival has to be met before higher needs like esteem
Howard Gardner
Came up with the theory of multiple intelligence’s
Homeostasis
The tendency to move towards a need-free or drive-free state
Iconic storage
Momentary visual information memory
Instincts
Complex patterns of behavior that are genetically determined
Interference
The confusion of two similar memories with each other
Inductive reasoning
Involves reasoning from specific information to general information
Intelligence
our ability to apply the knowledge that we have to perform better in the environment that we are in
Intelligence tests
measures of cognitive abilities that compare an individual to others
Incentives
External rewards
Instincts
Patterns of behavior that occur without learning and are relatively consistent
Ideal Self
a perception about what the individual thought he should be
Id
The part of us that is untamed and driven by impulse and instinct
Intrinsic Motivation
the enjoyment of the activity itself
Instinct Model
Focused on the drives and motivations that people have
Introversion
The other end of a scale from extroversion and refers to being socially inhibited and cautious
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian physiologist who studied the digestive systems of dogs in the late nineteenth century and discovered classical conditioning
Laws of association
The conditions under which a thought becomes connected to another
Law of Continuation
says that two events can become connected to each other if they happen close together.
Law of effect
says that an animal’s change of repeating a behavior depends on the behaviors consequence for the animal.
Law of similarity
says that two things may become connected if they look like or resemble each other in someway
Language
the system of symbols
Learning
A lasting change in the way that a person (or animal) responds based on its experience
Major depression
a depressed mood for the majority of the day
Memory
our ability to take what we have observed and putting it into a form that we can share
Mental models
Representation that predict
Mental Simulations
Involves imagining the steps that you will have to take to solve the problem before you actually begin them.
Mental Age
The average age at which children can achieve a certain score on an intelligence test
Mental Disorders
Persistent abnormal functioning
Modeling
Another form of observational learning and it involves people reproducing the behavior that they see in another.
Motivated forgetting
Forgetting for a reason
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning
Moods
Extended periods of an emotional state
Motivation
The force behind the behavior that makes us avoid some aspects of life and to pursue other aspects
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Characterized by grandiose thoughts of the self and unemphatic response to others
