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12 Grade Lessons > Psychology Semester 2 > Flashcards

Psychology Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

actualizing tendency

A

the desire to reach the various needs that humans have.

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2
Q

Agoraphobia

A

the fear of being in a place that a person cannot escape from of where he can not get help if he experiences a panic attack

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3
Q

Algorithms

A

systematic procedures that provide solutions

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4
Q

Alfred Benet

A

Developed the model for most of today’s intelligence tests

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5
Q

Ambivalence

A

conflicting thoughts and motives

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6
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A chronic indifference to others that can include harming others or violating their rights

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7
Q

Anxiety

A

The apprehension or tension at the anticipation of danger

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8
Q

arousal theory

A

state that each of us has an optimal level of arousal and that we are constantly trying to reach this level

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9
Q

Analogical reasoning

A

the process of understanding a novel or new situation by using a familiar one.

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10
Q

Appraisal theories

A

focus on how individuals process and evaluate the situations they are in with relation to emotions.

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11
Q

Basic level

A

the broadest category where items share common characteristics that are distinctive

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12
Q

Big Five Factors

A

including openness and experience

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13
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more episodes of major depression

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14
Q

Boarder line personality disorder

A

Characterized by instability

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15
Q

Categories

A

groupings of things based on common characteristics

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16
Q

Charles Spearman

A

the first person to use factor analysis to study intelligence

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17
Q

chunking

A

a strategy that can be used to increase the amount of information stored in short term memory

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18
Q

Classical conditioning

A

one of the first types of learning to be studied and it is also referred to as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

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19
Q

conditioned response

A

one that has been learned

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20
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that through learning comes to bring forth the response

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21
Q

Concepts

A

mental representation of catagories

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22
Q

Conformation bias

A

the tendency to look for affirmation of what we already know

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23
Q

Conscious mental processes

A

mental activities that we are aware of

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24
Q

Culture pattern approach

A

suggests that individual personality reflects culture practices

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25
Q

David Wechsler

A

Developed Intelligence tests that were less biased towards non-native English speakers

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26
Q

Decay theory

A

Suggests that forgetting happens because of fading memory connections

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27
Q

Decision Making

A

the process of weighing the pros and cons of different alternatives and making a choice

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28
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Involves reasoning from a set of assumptions or preises

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29
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs

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30
Q

Distress

A

Negative stress or that which brings about negative feelings

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31
Q

Echoic storage

A

the same iconic storage only it refers to auditory information that is stored momentarily

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32
Q

Ego

A

the mental structure that balanced between the ID and the superego

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33
Q

Emotions

A

positive and negative emotions

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34
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive emotions

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35
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information and other input into your memory

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36
Q

Episodic memory

A

memories of particular events that is specific to a context

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37
Q

Eustress

A

Healthy stress or that which brings positive feelings

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38
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

some form of external reward

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39
Q

Extinction

A

a situation where no consequence follows the behavior

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40
Q

Extroversion

A

the tendency to be sociable and active

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41
Q

Factors

A

related elements in factor analysis

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42
Q

False self

A

Begins as a mask that the individual wears and eventually adopts as their psychological self.

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43
Q

Factitious disorder

A

occurs when an individual purposely tries to injure or make themselves sick

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44
Q

Five-factor models

A

separates traits into types

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45
Q

Generalized anxiety

A

a disorder in which an individual experiences anxiety and worry most of the time.

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46
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

Has three stages: alarm

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47
Q

Goals

A

desired outcomes that we have through social learning.

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48
Q

Grammar

A

the system in a given language for generating acceptable utterances and for identifying those that are not acceptable.

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49
Q

Habituation

A

the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

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50
Q

Habituation

A

the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

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51
Q

Habituation

A

the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

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52
Q

Health Psychology

A

Studies of how psychological influenced keep people healthy

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53
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

States that basic survival has to be met before higher needs like esteem

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54
Q

Howard Gardner

A

came up with the theory or multiple intelligence’s

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55
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendencies to move toward a need-free or drive-free state

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56
Q

Iconic storage

A

momentary visual information memory

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57
Q

Instincts

A

complex patterns of behavior that are genetically determining

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58
Q

interference

A

the confusion of two similar memories with eachother

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59
Q

inductive reasoning

A

Involves reasoning from specific information to general infomation

60
Q

Intelligence

A

our ability to apply the knowledge that we have to perform better in the environment that we are in

61
Q

Intelligence tests

A

measures of cognitive abilities that compare an individual to others

62
Q

Incentives

A

External rewards

63
Q

Instincts

A

patterns of behavior that occur without learning and are relatively consistent

64
Q

Ideal Self

A

a perception about what the individual thought he should be

65
Q

Id

A

The part of us that is untamed and driven by impulse and instinct

66
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

the enjoyment of the activity itself

67
Q

Instinct model

A

Focused on the drive and motivations that people have

68
Q

Introversion

A

The other end of a scale from extroversion and refers to being socially inhibited and cautious

69
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A Russian physiologist who studied the digestive systems of dogs in the late nineteenth century and discovered classical conditioning

70
Q

Laws of association

A

the conditions under which a thought becomes connected to another

71
Q

Law of continuity

A

says that two events can become connected to each other if they happen close together

72
Q

Law of effect

A

says that an animal’s change of repeating a behavior depends on the behavior’s consequence for the animal

73
Q

Law of similarity

A

says that two things may become connected if they look like or resemble each other in some way

74
Q

Language

A

the system of symbols

75
Q

Learning

A

A lasting change in the way that a person ( or animals) responds based on its experience

76
Q

Major depression

A

a depressed mood for the most of the day

77
Q

memory

A

our ability to take what we have observed and putting it into a form we can store

78
Q

mental models

A

representation that predict

79
Q

mental simulation

A

involves imagining the steps that you’ll have to take to solve the problem before you actually begin them.

80
Q

Mental age

A

The average age at which children can achieve a certain score on an intelligence test

81
Q

mental disorders

A

Persistent abnormal functioning

82
Q

modeling

A

another form of observational learning and it involves people reproducing the behavior that they see in another

83
Q

motivated forgetting

A

forgetting for a reason Morphemes

84
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaning

85
Q

moods

A

Extended periods of an emotional state

86
Q

Motivation

A

the force behind the behavior that makes us avoid some aspects of life and to pursue other aspects

87
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Characterized by grandiose thoughts of the self and unemphatic responses to others

88
Q

Neuroticism

A

A continuum or scale from emotionally stable to emotionally unstable

89
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching the behavior of others

90
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Characterized by involuntary persistent thoughts(obsessions) and repetitive behaviors ( compulsions)

91
Q

Panic attacks

A

Individuals experience sudden periods of intense fear without clear stimulus for the fear

92
Q

personal constructs

A

Mental pictures of places

93
Q

personality

A

an organized set of characteristics that make an individual different from others and influences their behaviors and thoughts

94
Q

personality disorders

A

one or more of an individual’s personality traits are maladaptive or cause significant impairment to the individuals functioning

95
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest units of sounds that make up speech

96
Q

Phrases

A

Groups of words that convey meaning and act as a unit

97
Q

Phobias

A

Intense and irrational fears about particular objects or situations

98
Q

Primary Effect

A

when the earlier items are consider

99
Q

Problem solving strategies

A

techniques that guide to solving a problem when we have a situation that we want to change

100
Q

Problem solving

A

the process of changing one situation into another in order to meet a goal

101
Q

Primary drive

A

innate need for things like food and water

102
Q

Prototypes

A

abstractions that contain the most common elements of a category

103
Q

Primary Needs

A

Basic needs which we all have

104
Q

Psychometric Approach

A

one way of trying to understand intelligence

105
Q

Psychometric instruments

A

test that measure various personality traits or intellectual skills

106
Q

Psychoticism

A

Refers to individuals who are anti-social

107
Q

Psychotic disorders

A

the individual experiences breaks in or distortions of of reality

108
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that makes the behavior happen less frequently

109
Q

Reflexes

A

Behaviors that happen automatically because of a stimulus

110
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that makes the behavior happen more frequently

111
Q

Recency Effect

A

when an individual is asked to recall items from a list

112
Q

Retrieval

A

the recollection of something in our memories

113
Q

Retroactive interference

A

when old information interferes with learning new information

114
Q

Reasoning

A

the process by which we formulate and evaluate arguments and beliefs

115
Q

Savants

A

Individuals who are extremely deficient in some areas of intelligence but have one area where they are extremely gifted

116
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

A determination of when a behavior will be reinforced

117
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a class of disorders in which a person experiences breaks with reality

118
Q

Semantics

A

The rules in a language about the meaning of morphemes

119
Q

Serial position effect

A

the accuracy of recall depends in part of the position of an item on a list

120
Q

sentences

A

organized groups of words that express intention and thought

121
Q

secondary drives

A

drives learned through conditioning or other mechanics

122
Q

Secondary needs

A

needs that we learn

123
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

The first person to try to measure intelligence.

124
Q

Social learning

A

suggests that individuals learn from the people around then

125
Q

Somatoform disorder

A

Psychological disorders with physical symptoms

126
Q

Social Support

A

the presence of other people in whom you can confide and expect help from

127
Q

Stressors

A

events that lead to stress

128
Q

stress

A

refers to any challenge to a person’s ability to adapt to both inner and outer storage threats and demands

129
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining or storing memory

130
Q

Structural model

A

Described a conflict of a person’s desire and real world constraints.

131
Q

Superego

A

our conscience or the place of our ideals and morals.

132
Q

Subordinate level

A

the level below the basic level where items share more specialized characteristics

133
Q

Super ordinate level

A

a more abstract where items share a few characteristics

134
Q

Syllogism

A

using two premises to come to a logical conclusion

135
Q

Syntax

A

Refers to the rules in a language that’s how words and phrases can be placed in a sentence

136
Q

temperament

A

a basic disposition that is influences by our genes.

137
Q

thinking

A

the manipulation of information for a purpose

138
Q

traits

A

habitual patterns of emotion

139
Q

true self

A

core aspect that is not tainted by the demands and expectations of others

140
Q

topographic model

A

argued that mental processes were made up of three parts.

141
Q

tutelage

A

the teaching of concepts and skills through verbal explanation or instruction

142
Q

unilinealism

A

the theory that all societies go through the same distinct evolutionary stages

143
Q

unconscious mental processes

A

irrational and kept out of our consciousness through repression because they might cause emotional distress

144
Q

vicarious conditioning

A

an individual learns the consequences of a behavior by watching what happens to others when they perform the activity.

145
Q

Wechsler tests

A

use a number of sub-tests in order to measure both verbal and nonverbal intelligence

146
Q

Working Memory

A

The temporary storage and processing of information that’s being used to respond to the environment or solve a problem.

12 Grade Lessons (5 decks)

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