Psychology Semester 2 Flashcards
actualizing tendency
the desire to reach the various needs that humans have.
Agoraphobia
the fear of being in a place that a person cannot escape from of where he can not get help if he experiences a panic attack
Algorithms
systematic procedures that provide solutions
Alfred Benet
Developed the model for most of today’s intelligence tests
Ambivalence
conflicting thoughts and motives
Antisocial personality disorder
A chronic indifference to others that can include harming others or violating their rights
Anxiety
The apprehension or tension at the anticipation of danger
arousal theory
state that each of us has an optimal level of arousal and that we are constantly trying to reach this level
Analogical reasoning
the process of understanding a novel or new situation by using a familiar one.
Appraisal theories
focus on how individuals process and evaluate the situations they are in with relation to emotions.
Basic level
the broadest category where items share common characteristics that are distinctive
Big Five Factors
including openness and experience
Bipolar disorder
Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more episodes of major depression
Boarder line personality disorder
Characterized by instability
Categories
groupings of things based on common characteristics
Charles Spearman
the first person to use factor analysis to study intelligence
chunking
a strategy that can be used to increase the amount of information stored in short term memory
Classical conditioning
one of the first types of learning to be studied and it is also referred to as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
conditioned response
one that has been learned
conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that through learning comes to bring forth the response
Concepts
mental representation of catagories
Conformation bias
the tendency to look for affirmation of what we already know
Conscious mental processes
mental activities that we are aware of
Culture pattern approach
suggests that individual personality reflects culture practices
David Wechsler
Developed Intelligence tests that were less biased towards non-native English speakers
Decay theory
Suggests that forgetting happens because of fading memory connections
Decision Making
the process of weighing the pros and cons of different alternatives and making a choice
Deductive reasoning
Involves reasoning from a set of assumptions or preises
Delusions
false beliefs
Distress
Negative stress or that which brings about negative feelings
Echoic storage
the same iconic storage only it refers to auditory information that is stored momentarily
Ego
the mental structure that balanced between the ID and the superego
Emotions
positive and negative emotions
Emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive emotions
Encoding
the processing of information and other input into your memory
Episodic memory
memories of particular events that is specific to a context
Eustress
Healthy stress or that which brings positive feelings
Extrinsic motivation
some form of external reward
Extinction
a situation where no consequence follows the behavior
Extroversion
the tendency to be sociable and active
Factors
related elements in factor analysis
False self
Begins as a mask that the individual wears and eventually adopts as their psychological self.
Factitious disorder
occurs when an individual purposely tries to injure or make themselves sick
Five-factor models
separates traits into types
Generalized anxiety
a disorder in which an individual experiences anxiety and worry most of the time.
General Adaption Syndrome
Has three stages: alarm
Goals
desired outcomes that we have through social learning.
Grammar
the system in a given language for generating acceptable utterances and for identifying those that are not acceptable.
Habituation
the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
Habituation
the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
Habituation
the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated presentation
Health Psychology
Studies of how psychological influenced keep people healthy
Hierarchy of needs
States that basic survival has to be met before higher needs like esteem
Howard Gardner
came up with the theory or multiple intelligence’s
Homeostasis
The tendencies to move toward a need-free or drive-free state
Iconic storage
momentary visual information memory
Instincts
complex patterns of behavior that are genetically determining
interference
the confusion of two similar memories with eachother
inductive reasoning
Involves reasoning from specific information to general infomation
Intelligence
our ability to apply the knowledge that we have to perform better in the environment that we are in
Intelligence tests
measures of cognitive abilities that compare an individual to others
Incentives
External rewards
Instincts
patterns of behavior that occur without learning and are relatively consistent
Ideal Self
a perception about what the individual thought he should be
Id
The part of us that is untamed and driven by impulse and instinct
Intrinsic motivation
the enjoyment of the activity itself
Instinct model
Focused on the drive and motivations that people have
Introversion
The other end of a scale from extroversion and refers to being socially inhibited and cautious
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian physiologist who studied the digestive systems of dogs in the late nineteenth century and discovered classical conditioning
Laws of association
the conditions under which a thought becomes connected to another
Law of continuity
says that two events can become connected to each other if they happen close together
Law of effect
says that an animal’s change of repeating a behavior depends on the behavior’s consequence for the animal
Law of similarity
says that two things may become connected if they look like or resemble each other in some way
Language
the system of symbols
Learning
A lasting change in the way that a person ( or animals) responds based on its experience
Major depression
a depressed mood for the most of the day
memory
our ability to take what we have observed and putting it into a form we can store
mental models
representation that predict
mental simulation
involves imagining the steps that you’ll have to take to solve the problem before you actually begin them.
Mental age
The average age at which children can achieve a certain score on an intelligence test
mental disorders
Persistent abnormal functioning
modeling
another form of observational learning and it involves people reproducing the behavior that they see in another
motivated forgetting
forgetting for a reason Morphemes
Morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning
moods
Extended periods of an emotional state
Motivation
the force behind the behavior that makes us avoid some aspects of life and to pursue other aspects
Narcissistic personality disorder
Characterized by grandiose thoughts of the self and unemphatic responses to others
Neuroticism
A continuum or scale from emotionally stable to emotionally unstable
observational learning
learning by watching the behavior of others
obsessive compulsive disorder
Characterized by involuntary persistent thoughts(obsessions) and repetitive behaviors ( compulsions)
Panic attacks
Individuals experience sudden periods of intense fear without clear stimulus for the fear
personal constructs
Mental pictures of places
personality
an organized set of characteristics that make an individual different from others and influences their behaviors and thoughts
personality disorders
one or more of an individual’s personality traits are maladaptive or cause significant impairment to the individuals functioning
Phonemes
The smallest units of sounds that make up speech
Phrases
Groups of words that convey meaning and act as a unit
Phobias
Intense and irrational fears about particular objects or situations
Primary Effect
when the earlier items are consider
Problem solving strategies
techniques that guide to solving a problem when we have a situation that we want to change
Problem solving
the process of changing one situation into another in order to meet a goal
Primary drive
innate need for things like food and water
Prototypes
abstractions that contain the most common elements of a category
Primary Needs
Basic needs which we all have
Psychometric Approach
one way of trying to understand intelligence
Psychometric instruments
test that measure various personality traits or intellectual skills
Psychoticism
Refers to individuals who are anti-social
Psychotic disorders
the individual experiences breaks in or distortions of of reality
Punishment
A consequence that makes the behavior happen less frequently
Reflexes
Behaviors that happen automatically because of a stimulus
Reinforcement
A consequence that makes the behavior happen more frequently
Recency Effect
when an individual is asked to recall items from a list
Retrieval
the recollection of something in our memories
Retroactive interference
when old information interferes with learning new information
Reasoning
the process by which we formulate and evaluate arguments and beliefs
Savants
Individuals who are extremely deficient in some areas of intelligence but have one area where they are extremely gifted
Schedule of reinforcement
A determination of when a behavior will be reinforced
Schizophrenia
a class of disorders in which a person experiences breaks with reality
Semantics
The rules in a language about the meaning of morphemes
Serial position effect
the accuracy of recall depends in part of the position of an item on a list
sentences
organized groups of words that express intention and thought
secondary drives
drives learned through conditioning or other mechanics
Secondary needs
needs that we learn
Sir Francis Galton
The first person to try to measure intelligence.
Social learning
suggests that individuals learn from the people around then
Somatoform disorder
Psychological disorders with physical symptoms
Social Support
the presence of other people in whom you can confide and expect help from
Stressors
events that lead to stress
stress
refers to any challenge to a person’s ability to adapt to both inner and outer storage threats and demands
storage
the process of retaining or storing memory
Structural model
Described a conflict of a person’s desire and real world constraints.
Superego
our conscience or the place of our ideals and morals.
Subordinate level
the level below the basic level where items share more specialized characteristics
Super ordinate level
a more abstract where items share a few characteristics
Syllogism
using two premises to come to a logical conclusion
Syntax
Refers to the rules in a language that’s how words and phrases can be placed in a sentence
temperament
a basic disposition that is influences by our genes.
thinking
the manipulation of information for a purpose
traits
habitual patterns of emotion
true self
core aspect that is not tainted by the demands and expectations of others
topographic model
argued that mental processes were made up of three parts.
tutelage
the teaching of concepts and skills through verbal explanation or instruction
unilinealism
the theory that all societies go through the same distinct evolutionary stages
unconscious mental processes
irrational and kept out of our consciousness through repression because they might cause emotional distress
vicarious conditioning
an individual learns the consequences of a behavior by watching what happens to others when they perform the activity.
Wechsler tests
use a number of sub-tests in order to measure both verbal and nonverbal intelligence
Working Memory
The temporary storage and processing of information that’s being used to respond to the environment or solve a problem.
