Psychology quiz 2 Flashcards
Sensation
What happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
Perception
Way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Cone
Specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color; daytime vision
Rod
Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions; nighttime vision
Gestalt psychology (figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure)
Field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
Figure-ground relationship: we tend to segment visual into focus and background
Proximity: idea that things close to one another tend to be grouped together
Similarity: alike things tend to be grouped together
Continuity: more likely to perceive continuous smooth flowing lines rather than jagged or broken
Closure: organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
Trichromatic theory of color perception
Color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones
Learning
Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Classical conditioning
Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiment
Unconditioned stimulus: food
Unconditioned response: salivating
Neutral response: ringing bell
Conditioned stimulus: ringing bell
Conditioned response: salivation
Extinction
Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning (Positive+negative reinforcement+punishment)
Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
Positive reinforcement: adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior
Negative reinforcement: taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior
Positive punishment: adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
Negative punishment: taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
BF Skinner
Father of behaviorism
Created operant conditioning, because he saw that classical conditioning could only encourage existing behavior
Observational learning and Models
Type of learning that occurs by watching others
Models: people imitating the behavior
Albert Bandura
Believed that observational learning had something to do with mental states, and you didn’t have to learn through external reinforcements, there were other ways it could occur. You learn a general rule that you can apply to other situations
Cognition
Thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
Cognitive psychology
Field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory
Each person possesses eight types of intelligence
Linguistic: words and language
Logical/math: analyze problems logically
Spatial: 3D awareness
Body/kinesthetic: excellent body usage
Musical: comprehend and appreciate musical patterns
Interpersonal: understand relationships
Intrapersonal: know yourself
Naturalistic: understand nature
Emotional intelligence
Ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
Self-awareness: being aware of your own emotions and how the affect others
Self-regulation: knowing when, where, and how to appropriately express your emotions
Empathy: understanding others feelings and point of view
Motivation: motivated by inner things rather than external rewards
Encoding
Input of information into the memory system
Memory
Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Storage
Creation of a permanent record of information
Retrieval
Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Short-term memory
Holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Long-term memory
Continuous storage of information
Mnemonic devices
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
Recall
Accessing information without cues
Recognition
Identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
Relearning
Learning information that was previously learned
Flashbulb memory
Exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
