Psychology - Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of psychology
A
- The Latin definition is ‘the study of the soul’
- The modern definition is ‘the study of the human mind and its mental states’
2
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective
A
- A set of theories and methods founded by Sigmund Freud
- Our present is shaped by our past
- Everyone has unconcious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories
- Psychoanalysis therapy is used to release repressed emotions and experiences (Miss Elizabeth)
- Quite controversial
- Iceberg theory of the unconcious - superego and ego are partly concious, id is completely subconcious
3
Q
Freud
A
- Very famous but controversial psychologist
- Supported the belief that all mental illnesses have physiological causes
- Created the theory of id, ego, and superego
- Developed the ‘stages of development’ theory (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
- Very sexist and focused on sex
4
Q
Ego
A
- Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle
- Mediator between the id and reality
5
Q
Id
A
- Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle
- Freud conceived the id as the unconscious source of all innate needs, emotional impulses and desires, including the sexual drive
6
Q
Superego
A
- Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind
- Reflects the internalization of cultural rules
7
Q
Unconcious mind
A
- Information processing in our mind that we are not aware of
- According to Freud, it holds our unnacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories
- According to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all
8
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
- In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is the way the brain protects a person from anxiety and stress
- The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety
9
Q
Miss Elizabeth
A
- A young woman’s sister died and her first thought was that she would like to marry her sister’s husband
- She put the thought entirely out of her mind and it manifested as pain in her legs
- She wasn’t able to walk until she confronted her feelings and ‘got over’ her brother-in-law
- Conflict between id and superego
9
Q
Carl Jung
A
- Student of Freud’s but disagreed with him on many things, such as the influence of sexuality on humans
- Founded analytical psychology, which is the idea that balancing the concious and unconcious mind would allow someone to reach their full potential
- Contributed to the understanding of personality
Psychoanalytical
10
Q
Alfred Adler
A
- Founder of Adlerian psychology, sometimes called Individual Psychology
- Prioritzed mental health
- Focused on impact of birth order on kids
- Striving for perfection, self actualization
- Psychoanalysist
11
Q
Behaviourist Perspective
A
- B.F. Skinner’s theory
- He used the Skinner box to study operant conditioning in rats
- Behaviourism focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment
- This learning theory states that behaviours are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behaviour
- Nature vs Nurture, everything is learned (nurture)
12
Q
Edward Thorndike
YEAR!
A
- Worked on comparative psychology and educational psychology
- Created the law of effect in 1905
- Paved the way towards behaviourism
- Classical conditioning (cat in a box)
12
Q
Cat in a Box
A
- Thorndike placed hungry cats within a box that required a simple action to open, in order to access food outside of the box
- At first the cats wandered around the cage until they incidentally stepped or pushed on a lever, opened the door, and gained access to the food
- When placed within the cage again, these cats were able to reduce their time wandering and meowing before they found the trigger and let themselves out
- These cats were able to find their way out faster each time
13
Q
The Law of Effect
A
- Thorndike
- Something that reinforces a behavior makes it more likely that that behavior will occur again, and something that punishes a behavior makes it less likely that behavior will occur again
14
Q
John Watson
A
- Popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school
- Little Albert experiment (1920) - everytime the baby touched the rat, they made a loud noise. Eventually, the baby was scared of the rat, even when no sound came after touching it
- Evidence of classical conditioning in humans - fear a distinctive stimulus that normally would not be feared
- Ethical? Absolutely not, conditioned a phobia in a child
Behaviourist
15
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- A type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov’s dogs, Little Albert, Dwight + Jim
16
Q
Ivan Pavlov
YEAR!
A
- 1890s
- Research with dogs showed that they would drool when he put food in their mouths, began to ring a bell when he fed the dogs, eventually conditioned them to drool at the sound of the bell
- Father of classical conditioning
Behaviourist
17
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
- A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
- Skinner box (rats with pellets), Sheldon and Penny (chocolates)
18
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
- Considered to have developed true behaviourism because he was concered with only observable behaviours, not the processes behind them
- Used rats and pigeons to study operant conditioning (how rewards and punishment can influence behaviour)
- Cupoard theory of attachment
Behaviourist
