Psychology - Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of psychology
A
- The Latin definition is ‘the study of the soul’
- The modern definition is ‘the study of the human mind and its mental states’
2
Q
Psychoanalytic perspective
A
- A set of theories and methods founded by Sigmund Freud
- Our present is shaped by our past
- Everyone has unconcious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories
- Psychoanalysis therapy is used to release repressed emotions and experiences (Miss Elizabeth)
- Quite controversial
- Iceberg theory of the unconcious - superego and ego are partly concious, id is completely subconcious
3
Q
Freud
A
- Very famous but controversial psychologist
- Supported the belief that all mental illnesses have physiological causes
- Created the theory of id, ego, and superego
- Developed the ‘stages of development’ theory (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
- Very sexist and focused on sex
4
Q
Ego
A
- Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle
- Mediator between the id and reality
5
Q
Id
A
- Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle
- Freud conceived the id as the unconscious source of all innate needs, emotional impulses and desires, including the sexual drive
6
Q
Superego
A
- Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind
- Reflects the internalization of cultural rules
7
Q
Unconcious mind
A
- Information processing in our mind that we are not aware of
- According to Freud, it holds our unnacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories
- According to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all
8
Q
Defense mechanisms
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- In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is the way the brain protects a person from anxiety and stress
- The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety
9
Q
Miss Elizabeth
A
- A young woman’s sister died and her first thought was that she would like to marry her sister’s husband
- She put the thought entirely out of her mind and it manifested as pain in her legs
- She wasn’t able to walk until she confronted her feelings and ‘got over’ her brother-in-law
- Conflict between id and superego
9
Q
Carl Jung
A
- Student of Freud’s but disagreed with him on many things, such as the influence of sexuality on humans
- Founded analytical psychology, which is the idea that balancing the concious and unconcious mind would allow someone to reach their full potential
- Contributed to the understanding of personality
Psychoanalytical
10
Q
Alfred Adler
A
- Founder of Adlerian psychology, sometimes called Individual Psychology
- Prioritzed mental health
- Focused on impact of birth order on kids
- Striving for perfection, self actualization
- Psychoanalysist
11
Q
Behaviourist Perspective
A
- B.F. Skinner’s theory
- He used the Skinner box to study operant conditioning in rats
- Behaviourism focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment
- This learning theory states that behaviours are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behaviour
- Nature vs Nurture, everything is learned (nurture)
12
Q
Edward Thorndike
YEAR!
A
- Worked on comparative psychology and educational psychology
- Created the law of effect in 1905
- Paved the way towards behaviourism
- Classical conditioning (cat in a box)
12
Q
Cat in a Box
A
- Thorndike placed hungry cats within a box that required a simple action to open, in order to access food outside of the box
- At first the cats wandered around the cage until they incidentally stepped or pushed on a lever, opened the door, and gained access to the food
- When placed within the cage again, these cats were able to reduce their time wandering and meowing before they found the trigger and let themselves out
- These cats were able to find their way out faster each time
13
Q
The Law of Effect
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- Thorndike
- Something that reinforces a behavior makes it more likely that that behavior will occur again, and something that punishes a behavior makes it less likely that behavior will occur again
14
Q
John Watson
A
- Popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school
- Little Albert experiment (1920) - everytime the baby touched the rat, they made a loud noise. Eventually, the baby was scared of the rat, even when no sound came after touching it
- Evidence of classical conditioning in humans - fear a distinctive stimulus that normally would not be feared
- Ethical? Absolutely not, conditioned a phobia in a child
Behaviourist
15
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- A type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov’s dogs, Little Albert, Dwight + Jim
16
Q
Ivan Pavlov
YEAR!
A
- 1890s
- Research with dogs showed that they would drool when he put food in their mouths, began to ring a bell when he fed the dogs, eventually conditioned them to drool at the sound of the bell
- Father of classical conditioning
Behaviourist
17
Q
Operant Conditioning
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- A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
- Skinner box (rats with pellets), Sheldon and Penny (chocolates)
18
Q
B.F. Skinner
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- Considered to have developed true behaviourism because he was concered with only observable behaviours, not the processes behind them
- Used rats and pigeons to study operant conditioning (how rewards and punishment can influence behaviour)
- Cupoard theory of attachment
Behaviourist
19
Q
Big Bang (TV show) Experiment
A
- Every time Penny does something that Sheldon doesn’t like, he tells her, ‘bad Penny’
- Whenever she listens to him and does what he wants, he gives her a chocolate
- Eventually, her behaviour is modified
- This is an example of operant conditioning
- Rewards (chocolate) and punishment (Sheldon gets mad) modify behavior
19
Q
The Office Experiment
A
- Every time Jim’s computer chimes, he gives Dwight an altoid
- Then, he lets the computer chime without giving Dwight an altoid, and Dwight puts his hand out out of habit
- Dwight says that his mouth tastes bad
- This is an example of classical conditioning
- A once neutral stimulus (computer chime) comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus (mint)
20
Q
Frasier Crane
A
- Fictional psychiatrist in Cheers
- Experiment - every time the Seahawks lose, he’ll tie a balloon to his Bulldog’s car
- Then, every time Bulldog sees a red balloon, he’ll feel a sense of loss
- Example of classical conditioning
21
Q
Cognitive Perspective
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- This approach focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one’s behavior
- Cognitive psychologists believe in and consider mental states, such as beliefs, motivations, and desires
22
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
- Humanist
- His perspective - hierarchy of needs to achieve full potential - pyramid model
- According to Maslow, we have 5 categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization
- In this theory, higher needs emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous needs
- Studied self-actualization
22
Q
Humanism Perspective
A
- Abraham Maslow’s perspective
- Hierarchy of needs to achieve full potential - pyramid model
- According to Maslow, we have 5 categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization
- In this theory, higher needs emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous needs
23
Q
Albert Bandura
A
- Part of the ‘cognitive revolution’ moving away from purley behaviourist thought
- Came up with the social-cognitive theory, a perspective on personality that takes motivation, behaviour, and environment into account
- Believed that humans learn by watching and copying others
- Bobo doll experiment
Social cognitive
24
Q
Bobo Doll
A
- In this experiment, young children watched adults act aggressively towards a Bobo doll
- When they were introduced to the doll, they used toys that they had previously acted normal towards to attack the doll like the adults had done
- The control group of children (who hadn’t seen the adults be aggressive) were less likely to be aggressive towards the doll
25
Q
Harry Harlow
A
- Studied monkeys in order to understand humans
- Wanted to find out what was stronger: the need for affection or the satisfaction of physical needs
- Surrogate mother experiment - separated baby monkeys from their mothers and gave them two new ‘mothers’, one who was wrapped in fuzzy cloth and the other who provided food
- The monkeys overwhelmingly prefered the cloth mother
Social cognitive
26
Q
Mary Ainsworth
A
- Studied infant-mother attatchment
- Created the Strange Situation experiment where infants are introduced to a stranger after playing with their mothers
- Theorized the stages of attatchment
Developmental
27
Q
Theories/types of Attachment
A
- Ainsworth’s theory
- Children form attachments with those who are familiar and responsive to their needs
- Secure attachment: children given a positive working model, caregiver who is emotionally available, sensitive, and supportive. Sad when caregiver leaves the room
- Avoidant attatchment: children have a working model of themselves as unnacceptable or unworthy, caregiver who is rejecting. Sad when caregiver leaves but when they come back they’re mad and refuse to play
- Resistant attatchment: children have a negative self-image and exaggerate their emotional responses to gain attention, caregiver who is inconsistent. Don’t care when the caregiver leaves and comes back
28
Q
Lawrence Kohlberg
A
- Moral development
- Morality improves as we mature
- Points more to Freud than behaviourists
- As we get older, we do what’s right
- Stages of moral development:
- Pre-conventional (age 3-7) - moral reasoning based on reward and punishment
- Conventional (age 8-13) - moral reasoning based on external ethics
- Post-conventional (adulthood) - Moral reasoning based on personal ethics
Moral psychologist
29
Q
Nature vs Nurture
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- Nature refers to how genetics influence an individual’s personality
- Nurture refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development
30
Q
Genetics vs Environment
A
- Nature vs nurture
- The interactions between genes and environment shape human development
31
Q
Repression
A
- Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconcious
- E.g. not remembering a traumatic incident in which you witnessed a crime
- Miss Elisabeth
32
Q
Displacement
A
- Redirecting ennacceptable feelings from the original source to a safer, substitute target
- E.g. taking your anger toward your boss out on your spouse or children by yelling at them and not your boss
33
Q
Sublimation
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- Replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviour
- E.g. channelling aggressive drives into playing football or inappropriate sexual desires into art
34
Q
Reaction formulation
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- Acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses
- E.g. being overprotective of and lavishing attention on an unwanted child
35
Q
Projection
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- Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts to others and not yourself
- E.g. accusing your boyfriend of cheating on you because you have felt like cheating on him
36
Q
Regression
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- Reverting back to immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development
- E.g. Throwing temper tantrums as an adult when you don’t get your way
37
Q
Rationalization
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- Creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviour
- E.g. Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats
38
Q
Stages of attachment
A
- Pre-attachment (birth to six weeks): baby shows no particular attachment to specific caregiver
- Indiscriminate (six weeks to seven months): infant begins to show preference for primary and secondary caregivers
- Discriminate (seven + months): infant shows strong attachment to one specific caregiver
- Multiple (10 + months): growing bonds with other caregivers
39
Q
Four psychological perspectives
A
- Psychoanalytic - concious and subconcious, id, ego, superego, present is shaped by past
- Behaviourist - all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment
- Humanist - hierarchy of needs to achieve full potential, pyramid model
- Cognitive - how internal thoughts and feelings influence one’s behavior
39
Q
Denial
A
A person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful
40
Q
Free association
A
A method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.
41
Q
Neo-Freudians
A
Psychologists who modified Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects
42
Q
Skinner Box
YEAR!
A
- Created by B. F. Skinner in 1948
- Has a bar or pedal on one wall; when pressed sends a pellet into the cage for a rat to eat
- Soon the rat presses the bar many times to get many pellets
- If the rat stopped being rewarded with pellets, it will stop pressing the bar (called extinction)
- Classical conditioning
43
Q
Who said…
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.
A
John B. Watson
Behaviourist
44
Q
Who said…
One’s only rival is one’s own potentialities. One’s only failure is failing to live up to one’s own possibilities.
A
Abraham Maslow
Humanist
45
Q
Who said…
The fact is that people are good, Give people affection and security, and they will give affection and be secure in their feelings and their behavior.
A
Abraham Maslow
Humanist
46
Q
Skinner’s cupboard theory of attachment
A
- The learning theory of attachment is a behaviourist explanation
- Suggests that attachments develop through classical and/or operant conditioning
- Sometimes referred to as a cupboard love theory, as the infant attaches to the caregiver who provides the food
47
Q
Karen Horney
A
- Feminist neo-freudian
- Mostly agreed with Freud, but disagreed with two things:
- That personality is strongly affected by sexual conflicts in childhood
- That Freud’s views did not accurately represent females
- Founder of feminine psychology
