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SAP > Anthropology - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Anthropology - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Margaret Mead

A
  • Studied the differences between Samoan culture and American culture (especially adolescence)
  • Critics think that she relied too much on personal observation
  • Nurture is more important than Nature
  • Significant differences between cultures
  • Help us to understand our own culture
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2
Q

Franz Boas

A
  • Cultural Relativism
  • Baffin Islands
  • Studied the impact of the physical environment and the adaptations made by the Inuit people
  • Worked against ethnocentrism
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3
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A
  • Believes that all humans begin as savages
  • Theorized that human societies develop over time and follow three stages of evolution: savagery, barbarism, and civilization
  • This theory is problematic because it basically states that if you don’t have a written language, you can’t be civilized
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4
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A
  • Polish social anthropologist (1884-1942)
  • Worked with people from New Guinea and the surrounding Pacific islands
  • His theory - all social institutions are designed and modified to serve their populations fully
  • Believed that the role of the anthropologist was not to judge but to explain, rejected racist Darwinian theory
  • Structural functionalism
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5
Q

Ruth Benedict

A
  • American (1887-1948)
  • Studied cultural influences (particularly religion) in developing and shaping human personality
  • Investigated Native Americans
  • Socitey’s culture is the sum of all the personality types within it (personality writ large)
  • Studied Japanese society during WWII to help the US government come up with a plan to help Japan after the war
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6
Q

Mary Leakey

A
  • Discovered the Laetoli footprints - supported theory of bipedalism
  • Findings supported the theory of human evolution
  • Australopithecus Boisei
  • Discovered fossil - artifacts - tools used
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7
Q

Louis Leakey

A
  • Kenyan-British physical anthropologist (1903-1972)
  • Studied the Horn of Africa
  • Uncovered Australopithecus and Homo Habilis
  • Out of Africa Theory
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8
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • British naturalist, geologist, biologist (1809-1882)
  • Proposed that all human species are descended from a common ancestor, which is generally accepted as true now
  • Evolutionary theory - that each civilization built upon the foundation left by its predecessor
  • Slightly racist as it implies that African and Pacific societies are less advanced than European ones
  • Natural Selection
  • Theory of Evolution
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9
Q

Jane Goodall

A
  • British cultural anthropologist (1934-)
  • Worked for the Leakeys in Tanzania
  • Observed and recorded chimpanzees, became accepted into their society
  • Discovered that they use tools and are not strictly vegetarian
  • Recorded the highly developed social structure of the tribe
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10
Q

Raymond Dart

A
  • Discovered Australopithecus Africanus -Tuang Child
  • Supports theory of evolution in Africa as the birth place of humans
  • Killer Ape Theory
  • Man the Hunter
  • Savannah Theory
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11
Q

Dian Fossey

A
  • American anthropologist (1938-1985)
  • Hired by Louis Leakey
  • Lived with and recorded gorillas
  • Documented their highly structured social system
  • She was murdered while protecting the gorillas
  • A movie (Gorillas in the Mist) was made of her life
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12
Q

Biruté Galdikas

A
  • Hired by Louis Leakey to study orangutans in Indonesia
  • Recorded that they were violent and make tools
  • Advocated for conservation
  • Made observations about the complex organization of orangutan communities
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13
Q

Richard B. Lee

A
  • Discovered that all cultures have different norms and universal norms aren’t accepted in all socities
  • Insulting the meat
  • cultural norms and values
  • how are societies structured to meet their needs
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14
Q

Marcel Mauss

A
  • French sociologist and anthropologist (1872-1950)
  • Theory: Solidarity is achieved through the social bonds created by gift exange
  • “The objects are never completely separated from the men who exchange them”
  • “What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?”.
  • The gift engages the honour of both giver and receiver
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15
Q

Claude Levi-Strauss

A
  • Belgian-French cultural anthropologist (1908-2009)
  • Analysed cultural artifacts of different societies
  • Demonstrated how tribal behaviour and law codes reflected universal thought patterns
  • In most cultures, universally taboo practices (like incest) were common
  • Studied myths in different cultures
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16
Q

Coming of Age in Samoa

A
  • Book by Margaret Mead
  • She discovered that adolescence in Samoa is not as difficult as it is in America
  • Samoans were raised to cooperate with one another, they are less agressive than Americans
  • Discussion of universals in cultural
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17
Q

Baffin Island Inuit

A
  • Studied by Franz Boas
  • Lived and worked closely with them, appreciated their society
  • “I often ask myself what advantages our ‘good society’ possesses over that of the ‘savages’ and find, the more I see of their customs, that we have no right to look down upon them … We have no right to blame them for their forms and superstitions which may seem ridiculous to us. We ‘highly educated people’ are much worse, relatively speaking …”
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18
Q

Savagery, barbarism, civilization - social evolution

A
  • This is what Charles Darwin studied, theory created by Lewis Henry Morgan
  • Evolutionary theory - that each civilization built upon the foundation left by its predecessor
  • Savagery became barbarism became civilization
  • This theory is problematic because it basically states that if you don’t have a written language, you can’t be civilized
  • Slightly racist as it implies that African and Pacific societies are less advanced that European ones
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19
Q

Kula Ring (1922)

A
  • Studied by Bronislaw Malinowski
  • Ceremonial exchange system consucted in New Guinea
  • Tribes trade traditional valuables
  • Proves trust and allyship
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20
Q

The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946)

A
  • Book by Ruth Benedict
  • About her findings on the Japanese people during WWII
  • The contrast between the Japanese and Western cultural values and how they shaped the conduct of both nations during the war
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21
Q

Laetoli Footprints

A
  • Discovered by Mary Leaky and Paul Abell in Tanzania in 1978
  • Preseved when a volcano erupted and ash covered the wet footprints
  • More human than ape
  • Short legs
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22
Q

Biological evolution by natural selection

A
  • Proposed by Darwin
  • Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success
  • Key mechanism of evolution
  • The change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations
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23
Q

Among the Wild Chimpanzees

A
  • Documentary on Jane Goodall
  • Documented her life with the chimpanzees
  • Gave the world a taste of what she saw/learned
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24
Q

Killer Ape Theory

A
  • This theory suggests that that war and interpersonal aggression was the driving force behind human evolution
  • We now know that this is very unlikely to be true
  • Raymond Dart’s theory
  • According to the theory, the ancestors of humans were distinguished from other primate species by their greater aggressiveness, and this aggression remains within humanity, which retains many murderous instincts
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25
Q

Savannah Theory

A
  • According to the savanna hypothesis, current habitat biases were shaped by selection pressures in our ancestral past
  • It states that African rainforests were slowly replaced by savannahs, which forced early humans to walk on two feet instead of four (cause of bipedalism)
26
Q

Gorilla Fund

A
  • The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International is a charity for the protection of endangered mountain gorillas
  • Prevents further poaching of the mountain gorillas
27
Q

Protection of Orangutans

A
  • Focusses on protecting orangutans from being poached and/or displaced by climate change
  • Birute Galdikas
28
Q

Ju/’hoansi-! Kung San

A
  • Studied by Richard B Lee
  • He learned that they don’t compliment each other to avoid one person becoming too arrogant
  • Small ‘uncontacted’ tribe in Africa
29
Q

The Gift

A
  • Marcel Mauss’ book
  • 1925 essay that is the foundation of social theories of reciprocity and gift exchange
  • Theory: Solidarity is achieved through the social bonds created by gift exange
  • “The objects are never completely separated from the men who exchange them”
  • “What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?”.
  • The gift engages the honour of both giver and receiver
30
Q

Structures of Kinship

A
  • Book by Claude Levi-Strauss
  • Discovered that a wide range of historically unrelated cultures had the rule that individuals should marry their cross-cousin, meaning children of siblings of the opposite sex
  • Elementary structures are based on positive marriage rules that specify whom a person must marry, while complex systems specify negative marriage rules (whom one must not marry), thus leaving a certain amount of room for choice based on preference
31
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains

32
Q

Physical Anthropology

A
  • Interested in people as a biological species.
  • They study how we have changed biologically over the ages and how various present-day peoples differ biologically.
  • Primatology - the scientific study of the group of animals that includes human beings, apes and monkeys.
  • Paleoanthropology - the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records.
33
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A
  • Wants to understand the way that people’s behaviour has developed, how people have passed on customs and beliefs over the ages, and how these learned forms of behaviour differ throughout the world today.
  • Ethnology - immersion into a culture for months or years and take meticulous notes
  • Linguistic Anthropology - study the history and structure of language, and ways humans use language
  • Archaeology - study the physical remains of a past culture through excavation and reconstruction
34
Q

Social Anthropology

A
  • Analysis of social organization of living peoples
  • Social anthropology is the study of human society and cultures through a comparative lens.
  • Social anthropologists seek to understand how people live in societies and how they make their lives meaningful.
35
Q

Primatology

A

The study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman primates

36
Q

Participant Observation

A

A research method where the researcher immerses themself in a particular social setting or group, observing the behaviors, interactions, and practices of the participants

37
Q

Fossils

A

The preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments, such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers

38
Q

Difference between humans and other animals

A
  • Humans possess many cognitive abilities, like language capacity, reasoning ability, etc.
  • All these qualities distinctly separate humans from animals
39
Q

Theories of bipedalism

A
  • Twentieth-century theories proposed a wide array of other factors that might have driven the evolution of hominin bipedalism
    1. carrying objects
    2. wading to forage aquatic foods and to avoid shoreline predators
    3. vigilantly standing in tall grass, presenting phallic or other sexual display
    4. following migrant herds on the savanna
    5. conserving energy (bipedalism expends less energy than quadrupedism)
    6. if the early bipeds were regularly exposed to direct midday tropical sunlight, they would benefit from standing upright in two ways: less body surface would be exposed to damaging solar rays, and they would find relief in the cooler air above the ground.
  • Most likely theory: savannah theory
40
Q

Aquatic Ape Theory

A
  • The Aquatic Ape Theory states that our ancestors once spent a significant part of their life in water
  • Much more than other primates, man has several features that are seen more often in aquatic than terrestrial mammals: nakedness, thick subcutaneous fat-layer, stretched hindlimbs, voluntary respiration, dilute urine etc.
  • With the Pleistocene cooling, our ancestors returned to land and became bipedal omnivores and scavengers and later hunters of coastal and riverside animals
41
Q

Ancient Tools

A
  • The Early Stone Age began with the most basic stone implements made by early humans
  • These Oldowan toolkits include hammerstones, stone cores, and sharp stone flakes
  • By about 1.76 million years ago, early humans began to make Acheulean handaxes and other large cutting tools
42
Q

Values and belief system

A
  • Values are a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society.
  • Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture’s beliefs
  • Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.
43
Q

Material culture

A
  • Material culture refers to the physical aspects of a society, the objects made or modified by a human
  • These objects surround a people and its activities and are defined by their properties, be they chemical, physical, or biological
44
Q

Technology

A
  • Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals
  • The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts
45
Q

Language

A
  • The principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture.
46
Q

Theory of Evolution

A
  • Darwin
  • species can change over time, that new species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor
47
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • To apply one’s own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved
  • An attitude characterized by the glorification of one’s own group and the defamation and discrimination of other groups
48
Q

Cultural Relativism

A
  • Cultural relativism is the position that there is no universal standard to measure cultures by
  • All cultural values and beliefs must be understood relative to their cultural context, and not judged based on outside norms and values
49
Q

Evolutionary

A
  • Relating to or denoting the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms
  • The gradual development of something
50
Q

Should we say hello

A
  • The debate about whether or not to contact uncontacted tribes
  • Pros: they’re being forced out by poachers so we may as well tell them, climate change is affecting their homes
  • Cons: contacting them will blow up their way of life, contacting them will transmit deadly diseases
51
Q

Nambikwara

A
  • The Nambikwara is an indigenous people of Brazil, living in the Amazon
  • In 1910 they were lured out of the forest by a Brazilian engineer. Three generations after contact, the tribe of 5000 had been reduced to 550.
52
Q

Chimpanzees

A
  • The chimpanzee, also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa
  • Chimpanzees are lively animals with more extraverted dispositions than either gorillas or orangutans and have a highly developed social structure
  • They use tools and are not strictly vegetarian
  • Studied by Jane Goodall
53
Q

Gorillas

A
  • Studied by Dian Fossey
  • Have a highly structured social system
  • Are more gentle than their reputation
  • Very human like
54
Q

Orangutans

A
  • Studied by Birute Galdikas
  • They bear much in common with our early ancestors
  • They are violent and make tools
  • Jump around in trees
55
Q

Neanderthals

A
  • Neanderthals are an extinct group of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago
  • Neanderthals are NOT early humans (they are a different species) BUT we share a common ancestor and some humans and neanderthals interbred (so some people have a small percentage of neanderthal DNA)
  • They eventually died out, possibly because homo sapiens were too advanced for them
56
Q

Australopithecines

A
  • Are generally any species in the related genera of Australopithecus and Paranthropus
  • They are the extinct close relatives of modern humans and, together with the extant genus Homo, comprise the human clade
  • Lucy was the first to be found
57
Q

Australopithecus Africanus

A
  • Australopithecus africanus - first ancestor to be discovered
  • Appearing approximately two million years ago, this early human had longer legs, shorter arms and a reduced gut.

(#2)

58
Q

Homo Floresiensis

A
  • Homo floresiensis is an extinct species of small archaic humans that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago
  • Small bodied and small brained

Timeline unknown

59
Q

Homo Erectus

A
  • Eldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body
  • Walk upright
  • Control fire
  • Ability to sweat
  • Persistence hunting

Halfway through habilis’ existence, went extinct at the same time (#4)

60
Q

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

A
  • Sahelanthropus is an extinct genus of hominid dated to about 7 million years ago
  • This species had a combination of ape-like and human-like features

Oldest (#1)

61
Q

Homo Habilis

A
  • Homo habilis is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East and South Africa
  • One of the earliest members of the genus Homo, has a slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than in Australopithecus or older hominin species

After africanus, went extinct at the same time as erectus (#3)

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