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Psychology- Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the psychodynamic conceptions of personality

A
  1. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic theories

2. Carl Jung: Analytical psychology

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2
Q

What did Freud believe the components of personality were?

A

Conscious mind: Thoughts and feelings we are aware of and have direct access to. Example: “I am ready to go home now”

Preconscious mind: Thoughts and feelings that we don’t currently have access to but can gain access (remember) with a cue/stimulus. Example: “When I was 9, I wanted to be a ballerina”

Unconscious mind: Thoughts and feelings that we cannot access or become aware of. These thoughts and feelings have been repressed (blocked from our awareness) as they are too upsetting. However they still influence our behaviour. “I’m attracted to Eugene because he remind me of my father”

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3
Q

What did Freud believe the three mental forces were

A

The Id: the instincts instructing us to meet our basic needs and seek pleasure. Thought processes of the id aren’t available to the conscious mind. We are born with our id and it drives our behaviour throughout our life. Example: “I want to eat sugar”.

The ego: deals with the demands and constraints of reality. The role of the ego is to meet the demands of the id in a practical manner. Some of the thought processes of the ego are available to the conscious mind. The ego develops in the first few years of life. Example: “I need $2.50 to buy the chocolate bar”.

Superego: deals with morality and ethics. Develops at approximately age 5. Some of the thought process of the superego are available to the conscious mind. Example: “I should not buy the chocolate bar as it was made with child labour and will produce unnecessary plastic waste”.

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4
Q

Why did Freud believe the ego had to be the most dominant personality?

A
  1. If the id was too strong an individual would be selfish
  2. If superego was too strong individual would be morally rigid

If ego is strongest, id & superego kept in check, allowing person to successfully navigate life.

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5
Q

What is the defence mechanism projection?

A

When unacknowledged feelings are attributed to others. “I think Dan might be gay”

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6
Q

What is the defence mechanism repression?

A

When thoughts are kept from awareness.

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7
Q

What is the defence mechanism sublimation?

A

When unacceptable feelings are converted into socially acceptable actions. “Time to go to the gym

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8
Q

What is the defence mechanism reaction formation?

A

When unacceptable feelings are turned into their opposites. “I am happy with my relationship!”

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9
Q

What is psychosexual development?

A

Believes that when an individual ages they resolve conflicts at each stage and progress to next stage. Progressing successfully allows healthier individual.
If conflict is not resolved individual may become fixated, preventing progression and perversion of sexual needs.

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10
Q

What are the key features of the oral stage?

A

Age: 0-1
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Description: Pleasure derived from sucking, biting and tasting.
Conflict- Weaning
Fixation- Aggression or passiveness
Perversion- sexual pleasure produced by oral activities such as eating, drinking, biting and kissing.

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11
Q

What are the key features of the anal stage?

A

Age: 1-3
Erogenous zone: Anus and bladder
Description: Pleasure derived from toileting and toilet related behaviour.
Conflict- Poty/toilet training
Fixation- Anal retentive (harsh potty training) or anal expulsive (lenient potty training).
Perversion- pleasure gained from indulging or denying toileting functions.

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12
Q

What are the key features of the phallic stage?

A

Age: 3-6
Erogenous zone: Penis
Description: Pleasure derived from touching and masturbation
Conflict- Unconscious Oedipus/feminine Oedipus complex (sexual attraction to opposite sex parent) and resulting identification with same sex parent
Fixation- Dominating or submissive personality
Perversion- Pleasure gained from control

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13
Q

What are the key features of the latency stage?

A

Age: 6-12
Erogenous zone: N/A
Description: Pleasure derived from industrious behaviours and social interactions as sexual drives and desires become dormant.
Conflict- Develop healthy social and communication skills
Fixation- Inability to develop healthy relationships (sexual and non-sexual)

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14
Q

What are the key features of the genital stage?

A

Age: 12+
Erogenous zone: genitals
Description: Pleasure derived from loving relationship and heterosexual intercourse as sexual drives return and become part of the conscious mind.
Conflict- Gaining independence from parents and developing adult relationships
Fixation- continued dependence on parents and an inability to form loving relationships

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15
Q

What did Jung believe the components of personality were?

A

The ego- conscious mind (responsible thoughts, feelings and memory and how we relate to the would e.g introversion/extroversion)
Collective Unconscious: ancestral memories/behaviours. These behaviours emerge in response to our environment
Personal unconscious: stored knowledge, memories, thoughts.
- also stores complexes that stores emotions, memories etc formed by experience but influenced by collective unconscious (complexes are automatic responses triggered by stimulus)

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16
Q

How did Jung believe the components of personality aligned?

A

In healthy person ego in control and the influences unconscious components are managed
In unhealthy person, complexes dominate ego, making person feel out of control

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17
Q

What did Jung believe happened if the ego became too strong?

A

The individual would become cut off from their inner core, leaving them feeling directionless and emotionally distant.

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18
Q

Jung other components of personality: what was the “self”

A

A collection of all that is the individuals mind

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19
Q

Jung other components of personality: what was the “persona”

A

The masks that we assume for different situations. Example: the loving mother or reliable colleague. When assuming our personas we often embody our best traits. If we become too invested in a particular persona it can stunt our personal growth.

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20
Q

Jung other components of personality: what was the “shadow”

A

Is compromised of all the traits and behaviours we reject (a kind person reject the selfish traits). It becomes part of our unconscious mind and can indirectly influence our behaviour

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21
Q

Jung other components of personality: what was the “anima (male) and animus (female)”

A

the gendered archetypes of the opposite sex that we develop through experience and in particular experiences with the opposite sex parent. These archetypes tend to become exaggerated and are projected on to others.

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22
Q

What did Jung believe the psychological types were?

A

two basic attitudes: Extraversion (outgoing and social) and introversion (shy and introspective).

Four functions: Feeling (values and needs) and thinking (logic) – these were concerned with decision making.
Sensing (detail) and intuition (big picture) – these were concerned with experiencing the world.

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23
Q

What are word association tests?

A

a list of words is read to the patient and the patient is asked to respond to each word with the first word to pop into their head. Example: word – pregnant, response – miscarriage. The psychologists records the responses and also notes the time it takes to respond to each word.
(psychodynamic, assesing personality)

24
Q

What are thematic appreciation tests

A

When the patient is shown an ambiguous image and asked to tell a story that explains the image

25
Q

What is the Rorschach test?

A

The Rorschach test is when patients are shown inkblots and asked to say the first word that pops into their heads. The psychologist notes the response and the time it takes to respond to each inkblot.

26
Q

What are the strengths of psychodynamic conceptions?

A

Many of the concepts and ideas continue to be influential. Especially in popular culture, art, media and literature.

Some concepts which were considered radical for the time are now accepted as normal.

The psychodynamic approach to treatment of personality disorders has resulted in many success and helped shape modern therapeutic practice.

27
Q

What are the criticisms of psychodynamic conceptions

A

Theories and concepts are untestable. Most concepts, ideas and theories can not be proven or disproven.
Theories and concepts are heavily influenced by the theorists own experiences and perspective (projection?).
Theories and concepts are often very focused on small parts of the human condition.

28
Q

What are the humanistic conceptions of personality?

A

Carl Rogers- Rogerian psychotherapy & client centred therapy

Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of needs

29
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

When self actualisation occurs an individual will (psychologically) develop in a way that lets them achieve their potential. The correct environment is needed

30
Q

What did Rogers believe the components of personality were?

A

Self-concept: how can individual perceives themselves
Ideal-self: what an individual aspires to be
Experiences: how situations and experiences we are in are interpreted

31
Q

What is a congruent personality?

A

When there is an alignment between the concepts of personality. They are capable of self actualisation

32
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Unconditional positive regard requires an individual to be given acceptance and support regardless of their thoughts and actions. This will lead for a congruent personality.

Allows individual to feel safe experiencing their difficulties, leading to self actualisation.

33
Q

What was Abraham Maslow’s theory?

A

His theory arranges these needs into a hierarchy. With the needs at the bottom of the hierarchy usually taking precedence over those higher up. When someone gets to the top they reach self actualisation.

34
Q

What is a physiological need?

A

It is physiological things such as avoiding pain and safety. It is a deficiency need.

35
Q

What is a psychological need?

A

A psychological need is things like love, belonging and esteem. It is a deficiency need.

36
Q

What is a self-actualisation need?

A

A self actualisation need is a growth need. When they aren’t met, the individual does not feel stress but the more they fulfil these needs the more motivated they are to pursue personal development

37
Q

What is the order of of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. self actualisation
  2. esteem
  3. love/ belonging
  4. safety
  5. physiological
38
Q

What did Maslow believe self actualisation was?

A

‘It refers to the person’s desire for self-fulfilment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions’

He described “peak experiences” where one “experiences the world totally for what it is, and there are feelings of euphoria, joy, and wonder”

39
Q

What are strengths of the humanistic conceptions of personality

A

The theories place a focus on an individual’s choices/responsibility. In doing so it empowers the individual to improve their situation.

The theories focus on the individual and do not try to create universal rules or development theories.

Client centred therapy is a successful therapy method.

The hierarchy of needs has been influential in how governments and organisations approach mental health.

40
Q

What are the criticisms of the humanistic conceptions of personality

A

The conceptions reject the need for the use of scientific method or empirical evidence. The theories are therefore mostly untestable and difficult to prove.

The theories are heavily influence by western values of freedom, individuality, autonomy and personal growth.

The theories positive outlook on humanity are considered by many to be overly optimistic.

In many ways the theories promote an individualist, self absorbed and selfish approach to mental health. Some argue that this focus might contribute to the problem.

With Maslow’s theory there is some evidence that people can self actualise even if their needs are not being met, and they their needs may have a different priority then what Maslow suggests.

41
Q

What is a trait?

A

A personality trait is a psychological characteristic of an individual that is enduring and influences behaviour in a particular domain.

42
Q

What are the assumptions made by trait theory?

A
  • Personality traits are stable over time.
  • Personality traits are stable across different situations
  • Personality traits influence behaviour.
  • Personality traits can be measured.
  • A personality consists of multiple personality traits.
43
Q

What are the trait conceptions of personality?

A

Hans Eysenck- Theory of personality traits (PEN Model)

Raymond Cattel- 16PF Trait Theory

44
Q

What is Eysencks trait theory?

A

He used factor analysis to devise three factors of personality, which are dimensions. He believed where someones personality fit in these 3 factors was a result of biology.

45
Q

What are Eysnecks 3 dimensions of personality?

A

Extraversion & Introversion

Neuroticism & Stability

Psychoticism & Impulse control

46
Q

How did Eysenck assess personality?

A

He developed a questionnaire - which was a type of personality inventory- that uses self report questions to convert responses into a quantitative score for personality trait

47
Q

What was Raymond Cattell’s 16 personality factor trait?

A

It used factor analysis to develop traits he felt described personality. They included:

  • Abstractedness:Imaginative versus practical
  • Apprehension:Worried versus confident
  • Dominance:Forceful versus submissive
  • Emotional stability:Calm versus high-strung
  • Liveliness:Spontaneous versus restrained

(plus many more)

48
Q

What is the NEO personality inventory?

A

It examines a persons “big five” - openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism-

It provides a systematic assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles

It is a 240 item measurement

49
Q

How does trait theory assess personality?

A

Most trait theories access personality.

They are standardised self assessment questionnaires that quantify someones characteristics

Their data is considered highly valid and reliable. because of large sample and rigorous statistical analysis

50
Q

What are the strengths of trait theory?

A

The ability to measure and quantify personality based on behaviour has proven both popular and useful.Trait theory is used to help assess individuals for mental illness, job suitability and even dating.

The rigorous development of personality inventories has led to assessment methods with high validity and reliability.

Trait theories have proven effective for investigating theories/topics that are otherwise highly subjective and subject to bias. Examples include criminality or the difference between genders.

51
Q

What are the criticims of trait theories?

A

Personality may not be consistent across time. Someone who is extraverted may become more introverted with age.

Personality may not be consistent across situations/environment. A compassionate and caring mother might also be ruthless business woman.

A theory published by Walter Michael in 1968 proposes that trait theories find consistency due to the fact they are assessed under similar situations/circumstances.

52
Q

What treatment came from the psychodynamic theories?

A

Talking cure. It focuses on encouraging the patient to talk freely and evaluating their responses to gain insight in reoccurring emotions, thoughts, early life experiences and beliefs. In doing so the therapist gains insight into the patients unconscious mind.

53
Q

What is client centred therapy?

A

Comes from Rogers humanistic conceptions of personality. It involves a patient being encouraged to talk freely about their issues and the therapist takes an active role in the conversation. The focus is on providing the client with unconditional positive regard to enable them to self actualize.

54
Q

What are the ethical issues with personality?

A
  • can cause discrimination based on personality inventory responses because of better connection to job etc.
  • some are diagnosed based on unstable theories causing people to make important decisions on them
  • when assessment tools are provided online without training and accountability
55
Q

What is cluster A personality disorders

A

They are odd or eccentric in thoughts or behaviours?

  • paranoid personality disorder (mistrustful of others, may be hostile/ emotionally drained)
  • Schizoid PD (lack of interest in relationships, unemotional response to social interactions)
  • Schizotypal PD (peculiar dress, unusual thoughts/beliefs, uncomfortable in social settings, trouble forming close relationships)
56
Q

What is cluster C personality disorders?

A

Generally anxious/fearful thoughts and behaviour

  • Avoidant PD: avoid social interaction, sensitive to judgements, timid, socially isolated
  • Obsessive-compulsive PD: preoccupied by rules, orderliness, value of work above other aspects of life, perfectionists, need to be in control). Note - it is different to obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Dependent PD: fear of being alone, difficulty separating from loved ones/ making independent decisions, submissive and can tolerate abusive relationships

Psychology (5 decks)

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