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Psychology > Psychology - Learning > Flashcards

Psychology - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Habituation

A

Habituation is when you learn not to respond to a stimulus.

It occurs when the stimuli is common in the environment and when the individual benefits from being able to remain at a lower state of arousal while still being responsive to uncommon stimuli

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

operate by repeatedly pairing stimuli together so that an association is learned

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3
Q

How does classical conditioning work/ what is the process?

A 
Unconditioned stimuli (UCS) > Unconditioned response (UCR) 
Conditioned stimuli (CS) > Conditioned response (CR)

example:
UCS: Nipple in mouth > UCR: sucking
CS: Smell of breast. > CR: sucking

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4
Q

What is the acquisition in classical conditioning?

A

The period when the behaviour is being learned

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5
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Extinction is when the CS no longer produces the CR

- normally occurs when the two aren’t paired together for a longer period of time

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6
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A

Spontaneous conditioning is when the CS produces the CR after previously being extinct

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7
Q

What is stimulus generalisations?

A

Stimulus generalisation is when stimuli that is similar to the CS also produce the CR

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8
Q

What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

Stimulus generalisation is when stimuli that is similar to the CS but not identical do not produce the CR

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9
Q

What is contiguity?

A

Contiguity is when the introduction of the US and CS are close together in time/ space

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10
Q

What is contingency?

A

Contingency is when the introduction of the CS and US are perceived to be in response to each other

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning establishes that humans will change their behaviour in response to reinforcements and punishments

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12
Q

How does operant conditioning work?

A
  1. The operant behaviour must be identified (behaviour to be changed)
  2. Every time operant behaviour is performed they are reinforced or punished with a stimulus (operant response)
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13
Q

What is a positive reinforcement/ punishment

A

A positive reinforcement/ punishment adds something to the status quo
Eg. Getting $5 for doing homework

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14
Q

What is a negative reinforcement/ punishment

A

A negative reinforcement/ punishment removes something from the status quo
Eg. Not having to wash the dishes for getting good grades

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15
Q

What is a primary reinforcers in operant conditioning?

A

A primary reinforcer is based on biological needs. Eg. food, sex, drink, avoiding pain (same across all cultures)

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16
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A secondary reinforcer is based on association or psychological needs. Eg. money, praise, grades etc.

17
Q

What is continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

Continuous reinforcement is when an individual is reinforced/punished every time the operant behaviour is performed

18
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

Intermittent reinforcement is when the individual is reinforced on a less consistent/frequent basis.

19
Q

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

A

Fixed ratio reinforcement is when the individual is reinforced/punished for every X times they perform the behaviour. X = a number of 2 or more.
Example: Steve gets paid $1 for every 50 newspapers he delivers

20
Q

What is variable ratio reinforcement?

A

Variable ratio reinforcement is when the individual is reinforced/punish for every Y times they perform the behaviour. Where Y is a random number.
Example: Susan is playing a videogame. Every time she completes a match she has a 20% chance of receiving an in game reward. Sometimes she gets a reward every time she completes a match, once she didn’t get one for 9 matches.

21
Q

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

A

Fixed interval reinforcement is when the individual is reinforced/punished for every X amount of time provided they perform the behaviour.
Susan get paid $15 every hour she spends at work

22
Q

What is variable interval reinforcement?

A

Variable interval reinforcement is when the individual is reinforced/punished for every Y amount of times, provided they perform the behaviour. Y = random value.
If Steve keeps his room clean, every now and again his mum will give him $5.

23
Q

What is shaping? (type of operant conditioning)

A

Shaping works by implementing multiple stages of operant conditioning that progressively lead to target operant behaviour
It is used when operant behaviours do not occur frequently

24
Q

What is biological preparedness

A

Biological preparedness means that some people are more inclined to forming associations between behaviour and response

25
Q

What is observational learning

A

Observational learning is when people learn by observing others

26
Q

What are the steps of observational learning?

A
  1. attention: learner observes behaviour
  2. retention: learner retains behaviour and how to do it
  3. reproduction: leaner reproduces/ trys the behaviour
  4. Reinforcement: a reinforcement increases (or decreases) likelihood of behaviour being reproduced/
27
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Vicarious learning is like observational learning, except the learner observes the model perform the behaviour and then receive a reinforcement.

28
Q

What can impact observational learning?

A

Authority: likely to reproduce behaviour modelled by authority figure
Status: likely to reproduce behaviour modelled by those we respect/ find attractive
Similarly: reproduce behaviour by those we think are similar
Confidence: reproduce behaviour if we are confident in our ability
Ambiguity: reproduce behaviour when situation is unclear/ unfamiliar

29
Q

What are some application issues with observational learning?

A
  • it might be hard to access models

- authority/status figures must be conscious of the behaviour they model

30
Q

How is learning theory beneficial

A

It can discourage maladaptive behaviours like nail biting, aggressive responses, phobias and substance abuse

31
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Aversion therapy is when classical/ operant conditioning is used to discourage a maladaptive behaviour by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus

32
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A 
Behaviour modification involves using learning theory is change behaviours. 
E.g. When child is given rewards whenever they behave well in class to stop them acting out
33
Q

What are some ethical issues in learning theory?

A

Learned helplessness involves exposing an individual outcomes they perceive uncontrollable
can result in:
cognitive deficit (believe outcome uncontrollable), motivation deficit (reduced desire to control outcomes), emotional deficit (fear of outcome)

34
Q

What is Rote and Motor learning?

A

Route learning involves being able to reproduce a sequence of words that have been studied. Eg. actors learning their lines
Motor learning involves acquiring a complex skill, like driving a car.

Psychology (5 decks)

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