Psychology part 2

Question 1

Freud’s theory of developmental stages

Answer 1

propose a sequential series of psychosexual stages in early childhood
Freud framed the stages of development in terms of the impulses of the id
Each stage presents a challenge to be navigated

Question 2

Freud’s oral stage

Answer 2

takes place in infancy

children in this stage are preoccupied with oral processes, such as sucking and biting

Question 3

Freud’s anal stage

Answer 3

poses a conflict between the young child and the parents

Question 4

Freud’s phallic stage

Answer 4

the most controversial stage
children in this stage develop sexual and gener identity by focusing their sexual impulses on the opposite-sex parent and identifying with the same-sex parent
through this identification, the child begins to internalize society’s rules and thus begins to develop superego

Question 5

Freud’ latent stage

Answer 5

sexual impulses are suppressed and children can focus on other developmental tasks

Question 6

Freud’s genital stage

Answer 6

the return of sexual urges that lead to the achievement of adult sexuality

Question 7

Erik Erikson

Answer 7

part of the psychoanalytic tradition
but he reenvisioned the psychosexual stages as psychosocial ones
These stages involve the interaction between self and society that is experienced across the lifespan

Question 8

Erikson stage 1: trust vs mistrust

Answer 8

the infant develops lasting ideas about trust according to the actions of his or her parents

Question 9

Erikson stage 2: autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 9

centering on the child’s growing sense of whether he or she is competent to carry out self-care

Question 10

Erikson stage 3: initiative vs guilt

Answer 10

children attempt to develop the ability to execute a plan, such as in play activities

Question 11

Erikson stage 4: industry vs inferiority

Answer 11

when children are immersed in the more complex social environment of school

Question 12

Erikson stage 5: identity vs role confusion

Answer 12

the one most explicitly concerned with identity formation
a complex stage in which adolescents explore different possibilities for their roles in society , as well as their personal beliefs and goals
the ideal outcome of this stage is the formation of stable sense of identiy

Question 13

Erikson stage 6: intimacy vs isolation

Answer 13

in young adulthood and involves the ability to form emotionally significant relationships with others

Question 14

Erikson stage 7: generativity vs stagnation

Answer 14

requires people to determine the extent to which they wish to put back energy into family, work, and community or simply care for their own needs

Question 15

Erikson stage 8: integrity vs despair

Answer 15

as people evaluate their lifetimes and develop a sense of how well they have lived

Question 16

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 16

proposed a theory that further explicitly recognize the involvement of social and cultural factors in development
most important element of his theory is that learning takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of culturally valued behaviors and beliefs
focused on the process by which children attain higher levels of development with the guidance of adults and peers

Question 17

Vygotsky’s current developmental level

Answer 17

consists of those tasks that a child can perform WITHOUT help from others

Question 18

Vygotsky’s potential development level

Answer 18

represents the most advance tasks that a child can do WITH guidance from more knowledgeable people

Question 19

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

Answer 19

the range of activities between the current and potential developmental levels
= all skills that can be accomplished with help
Development is fostered when the demands of the activity fall within this zone

Question 20

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 20

propose that developing children progress through predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning
3 levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional and postconventional

Question 21

Kohlberg’s preconventional level

Answer 21

describes moral judgement that are based solely on consideration of the anticipated consequences of behavior
focuses on the consequences for the individual who carries out a certain action
punishment vs reward

Question 22

Kohlberg’s conventional level

Answer 22

takes into account social judgements
social disapproval vs rule following
a person from this stage will refrain from breaking a law no because it is the right thing to do, but because it is the law established by society

Question 23

Kohlberg’s postconventional level

Answer 23

advances beyond personal and interpersonal considerations, rising to the level of universal principles and fully-developed ideas about right and wrong

Question 24

Attribution theory

Answer 24

a line of research into the causes that people use to explain the observed behaviors of others, is a major source of ideas about how we understand people in social interactions
conscious and unconscious processes both contribute to the formation of ideas about what caused another person to behave in a particular way

Question 25

Dispositional attribution

Answer 25

assigning the cause to an inherent quality or desire to explain why a person to behave that way

Question 26

Situational attribution

Answer 26

deciding that environmental forces were in control that caused a person to behave that way

Question 27

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 27

the tendency to automatically favor dispositional attributions over situational ones when judging other people

Question 28

Self-serving bias

Answer 28

tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors while attributing one’s failures to external factors

Question 29

Psychological disorders

Answer 29

sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the invidual

Question 30

Somatoform disorders

Answer 30

_ characterized by bodily symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, and motor problems
_ differ from other disorders in that they are often 1st seen by clinicians who do not specialize in psychiatric care

Question 31

Anxiety disorders

Answer 31

the experience of unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension, and behaviors associated with the emotional and physical experience of anxiety
_ commonly connected to worries about future and hypothetical circumstances, rather than actual events in the present
_ often experienced in response to stress
_ manifest physically as excessive sympathetic nervous activation => body prepares for a fight or flight situation in the absence of an immediate threat

Question 32

Generalized anxiety disorder (under anxiety disorder)

Answer 32

excessive, persistent anxiety is triggered by a wide variety of stimuli

Question 33

Panic disorder (under anxiety disorder)

Answer 33

_ frequent panic attacks, short-lived instances of overwhelming sympathetic nervous system activation and fear
_ during an attack, symptoms can be so severe that the individual fears they will die

Question 34

Phobias (under anxiety disorder)

Answer 34

excessive fear of a specific object or situation & active attempts to avoid that stimulus

Question 35

Mood disorders

Answer 35

2 extremes along the spectrum of emotional experience: depression vs mania (excitement so intense that is detrimental)

Question 36

Depressive disorders = depression (under mood disorders)

Answer 36

pervasive feelings of sadness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that an individual usually enjoys
_ do not involve the manic end of the spectrum while bipolar disorders do
_ although social emotional and cognitive factors play a crucial role, much research has focused on identifying a biological basis of depression to find better treatment
_ genetic inheritance has a strong influence (not as much as bipolar or schizophrenia)
_ multiple brain areas => altered functioning in depression

Question 37

Monoamine hypothesis (under depression)

Answer 37

_a deficiency in production or potency in monoamines neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, noradrenaline, dopamine) in the synapses contribute to depression
_ BUT this is not the only biological contribution

Question 38

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 38

Hypothalamus releases a hormone that causes the anterior pituitary to release the hormone ACTH, which then triggers the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
_ over-activation of this stress response system => development of depression

Question 39

Bipolar disorders

Answer 39

characterized by episodes of mania, usually involve episodes of depression as well.
_ manic episodes => uncontrollable impulses and reckless decisions, distortion of self-concept (the self is viewed in an exaggeratedly positive light => self-esteem is hugely elevated)