Psychology of Human Development Chapter 5 - LECTURE Flashcards
Developmental Tasks of Infancy
Senses - hearing, vision, taste, smell, touch
Control and Direct Movement - eyes, head, fingers, arms
Reflexes
Natural Categorization of objects
Transient Exuberance
great increase of the number of neurons in the first two years of life
habituation
decrease in response to a repeated stimulus (getting used to something)
Sensorimotor Adaptation
the ability to adjust our behavior to changing environmental or internal demands to maintain appropriate, goal-directed, motor performance
Information Processing
Attention, processing speed, memory, representational skills
Infancy
Comes after the prenatal developmental period. Starting immediately after birth and goes until about 24 months
The average weight of an infant
7.0-7.5 pounds
parameters of low birth weight
under 5lbs (SGA)
APGAR Score
evaluation of infants’ health that ranges from 0-10 and has 2 points, in 5 dimesions
Dimensions being measured in APGAR Test
Appearance - skin color
Pulse - >100bpm
Grimace - sneezes, coughs, or loud cry
Activity - active muscle tone
Respiration - good crying
communicative developmental tasks of infancy
language perception
babbling
gestures
Holophrases
Attachment developmental tasks in infancy
Development of attachment
Stranger Anxiety (6 mo.)
Separation Anxiety (9mo.)
Ainsworth Attachment Styles (strange situations)
Types of attachments
Secure
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized
Secure
the infant has a bond that meets a child’s need for security, calm, and understanding
avoidant
the infant after the caregiver comes back from being separated is very hesitant to come back into contact with the caregiver
resistant
the infant is in distress even once the caregiver returns and is extremely hesitant and uneasy to calm
disorganized
there is no organized pattern to help the infant’s emotional distress. The caregiver cannot soothe the infant and there is no pattern to solution of the emotional distress
Emotional Regulation
the ability to control one’s emotional state
Temperament
way of reacting to a person, object or situations that can be influenced by the environment
Intersubjectivity
the relation between people’s cognitive perspective’s (in this chapter it is between the caregiver and the infant)
Social Referencing
looking to an individual (the caregiver’s) behavior or attitude toward an object and basing their own behavior or reaction towards the same object
Psychosocial Crisis
development of the thinking and evaluation “Can I Trust Them”
Trust
Subjective appraisal of availability, dependability, and sensitivity of caregivers
oxytocin
plays a key role in social attachment and produces calm relaxation, increases in approach behavior, reduces wariness
Mistrust
lack of confidence in a caregiver, doubting one’s own love-ableness withdrawing from interactions
Mistrust can be caused by. . .
inconsistent caregiving
Repeated exposure to anger and hostile behavior
exposure to threats
mutuality with caregiver
built on consistency with the caregiver that appropriately responds to the infant’s needs
Hopefulness
Facilitated by trust and the ability to think of multiple paths towards achieving goals and believing in one’s ability to move along that path.
withdrawal
Show evidence of passivity, lethargy, and neutral or negative affect.
Not readily involved in social interaction
Lack normal self-directed exploration
Lower threshold for pain
contributing factors to withdrawal
Disrupted mother-infant interaction
Violent parental interactions
Lack of responsive caregiving
Infant social withdrawal
