Psychology of Human Development Chapter 4

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid, which serves as the chemical structure of genes.

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

A unit of hereditary transferred from parent to child, defining some characteristic of the offspring

Question 3

Genome

Answer 3

The entire collection of genetic information

Question 4

Chromosome

Answer 4

This contains specific genes from a single parent and combines with that of another containing the genetic code/information.

long thing strands genetic material located in nucleus that forms DNA

Question 5

How many chromosomes are passed down from each parent to offspring?

Answer 5

23 chromosomes from each parent. (46 total chromosomes in the organism)

Question 6

How many alleles are passed down from each parents in heredity?

Answer 6

One from each parent (even if that genetic information is not expressed, the offspring can still carry this genetic info.)

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

This is the entire genetic makeup of an organism

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

These are the observable characteristics expressed in the individual from genes that have been passed down from previous generations.

Question 9

Epigenetics

Answer 9

The study of mechanisms to “turn genes on and off”. (These can be impacted by environmental factors in what genes are expressed in the individual)

Question 10

What are the two epigenetic processes?

Answer 10

Imprinting
Epigenetic Marks

Question 11

Imprinting

Answer 11

A chemical tag sits on one of the inherited genes (1 parent), Silencing it. (DNA Methylation)

Question 12

Epigenetic Marks

Answer 12

Chemical that sit on top of the genes and instruct them to turn on/off. (Histone modification)

Question 13

Genetic Mutations

Answer 13

“Typos” in DNA transcription and translation

Question 14

Plasticity

Answer 14

The degree of flexibility and variability for expression

Question 15

Fertilization

Answer 15

The uniting of sperm and egg, resulting in rapid cell division

Question 16

Are males born with the number of sperm in their lifetime or do they continually produce it?

Answer 16

Males continually produce billions of sperm throughout their lifetime.

Question 17

Are females born with the number of eggs or do they continually produce them?

Answer 17

Females are born with their complete egg supply (typically releasing 450 in one lifetime)

Question 18

Gametes

Answer 18

a sex cell, when combined with the opposite, results in fertilization (each has 23 chromosomes)

Question 19

Monozygotic Twins

Answer 19

Twins that come from one zygote split into two.

Question 20

Dizygotic Twins

Answer 20

Twins that are the result from a female dropping more than one egg in a cycle and both are fertilized

Question 21

What percentage of women in the United States are impacted by infertility?

Answer 21

12% of women between the ages of 15-44

Question 22

What are the types of ARTs (Assisted Reproductive Technology)?

Answer 22

Surrogacy (Traditional & Gestational)
Artificial Insemination
Adoption

Question 23

What are the events that occur in the first trimester of human development?

Answer 23

Fertilization
Amniotic Sac
Placenta Grows
Emergence of Body Parts
Definition of Sex Organs
CNS Development
Movement
Grasp Reflex
Babinksi Reflex
Heartbeat

Question 24

What is the average size of the baby after the first trimester?

Answer 24

3 inches
2/5 ounces

Question 25

What are the events that occur in the second trimester of human development?

Answer 25

Suck/Swallowing/Sweet Tasting Skin on fingers and toes Hair Senses Sucks Thumb

Question 26

What are the events that occur in the third trimester of human development?

Answer 26

Nervous System Matures Coordination of Sucking & Swallowing Body Temp. Regulation Digestion & Excretion Matures Degeneration of the placenta towards the ninth month

Question 27

What is the average size of the baby after the second trimester?

Answer 27

10 inches 2 lbs

Question 28

What is the average size of the baby after the third trimester?

Answer 28

20 inches 7-7.5 lbs

Question 29

Germinal Period

Answer 29

Period in the first trimester after fertilization

Question 30

Embryonic Period

Answer 30

period of the first trimester where the amniotic sac and placenta forms

Question 30

Fetal Period

Answer 30

Period of the first trimester (3rd month) when the baby is formed and is 3 inches long (14g) | the baby is now in fetal position ## Footnote This is when the baby develops exterior sex organs (for both) and males develop, females deteriorate. Heartbeat can be heard Babinski Reflex

Question 31

Second Trimester

Answer 31

Grows about 0.1”/day from the 5th month until the end of pregnancy; grows to ~10” by the end of the 2nd trimester. Mother’s body changes; the uterus stretches and grows.

Question 32

*Quickening

Answer 32

When the mother can feel the movements of the baby in the uterus because the baby’s motor functions are beginning/in the middle of developing.

Question 33

Month 4

Answer 33

Period of the Second Trimester; sucks & swallows and cycles amniotic fluid through the system – takes in nutrients, esp. sweet taste.

Question 34

Month 5

Answer 34

Period of the Second Trimester; skin thicken, wrinkly skin ridges on fingers and toes; hair starts to cover scalp, eyebrows, back, arm, legs.

Question 35

Month 6

Answer 35

Period of the Second Trimester; sensory receptors are established. Sensitive to touch – may react w/ muscle movement. (no sound or smell; but pre-mies respond to basic light)

Question 36

Third Trimester

Answer 36

Grows from 10-20 inches; 2lbs to 7-7.5lbs; Longer periods of quiet between fetal movements between week 28-32; somatic and cardiac coordination. *Critical level of neurological maturation in place by week 32 (leveling off or decrease of variability) – evidenced by preterm babies having increased cognitive competence.

Question 37

During the third trimester, what is the main development happening?

Answer 37

Neural Networks are forming. The baby can recognize patterns and remember (ex. it knows mother's voice)

Question 38

On average, how long is a woman's first labor?

Answer 38

14 hours

Question 39

What are the three stages of the birthing process?

Answer 39

1. Dilation and Contractions 2. Delivery 3. Discharge of placenta

Question 40

What are the 5 psychological phases during giving birth?

Answer 40

1. knowing labor is approaching 2. uterine contractions 3. ***Mental Preparations - strong uterine contractions; most difficult psychological point 4. Active Participation of the Birthing Process 5. Postpartum Adaptation

Question 41

What is the gestational timeline?

Answer 41

First Trimester - 1st week to 3 months Second Trimester - months 4-6 Third Trimester - months 7-9

Question 42

Teratogens

Answer 42

Environmental factors that can harm the baby. (Most sensitive during weeks 3-9) (Things like smoking, drugs, malnourishment, virus, bacteria, etc.)

Question 43

What environmental factors can impact infant mortality?

Answer 43

Birth complications Preterm Labor - low birth weight Nutrition Exposure to Teratogens Mother's Age Available Prenatal Care Facilities