Psychology of Human Development Chapter 5 BOOK Flashcards
Infancy
A period of strikingly rapid development
What are the five major developmental tasks (critical) during infancy?
- establishment and coordination of the sensory perceptual and motor systems
- elaboration of the information processing capacities of sensory-motor intelligence
- the emergence of early communication skills
- formation of attachments
- differentiation of the emotional systems
What is the Apgar scoring method?
signs of life scored on a scale of 0-10
what does the Apgar score evaluate?
Heart Rate
Respiratory Effort
Muscle Tone Reflex Irritibility
Color
If a baby has an Apgar score of 7-10 what are the baby’s conditions?
The infant is in good, stable, and seemingly healthy conditions
If a baby has an Apgar score of 4-6, what are the baby’s conditions?
The infant is in fair condition, but may require administration of oxygen
If a baby has an Apgar score of 0-3, what are the baby’s conditions?
The infant is in an extremely poor condition and needs resuscitation
What factors can contribute to an infant having a low Apgar score?
Low Birth Weight
Inadequate Diet
Smoking
Drugs
Environmental Factors
Are infants that are small for their gestational age (SGA) at greater or at normal risk for health issues?
Greater Risk
Self Regulation
An infant’s ability to manage thoughts, and feelings to enable the goal-directed actions.
Babies born before how many weeks do not have the benefit of positive features of the uterine environment that supports aspects of self regulation?
30 weeks
babies with a birth weight less than what have risks for developmental disabilities
1500 grams
Vagal Tone
Process in which the heart rate varies during changes in the environmental conditions
habituation
the infants response decreases after each presentation of an identical stimulus
(One of the most primitive forms of learning and is observed in many mammalian species and is one way to determine whether an infant can discriminate between two different stimuli)
Neurons
nerve cells that are already connected in pathways that are designed to execute functions related to sensation perception and motor behavior (as well as regulate internal systems such as respiration, circulation, digestion, and temperature control)
what are the internal systems neurons are functionally designed to execute?
Respiration
Circulation
Digestion
Temperature Control
Neuroplasticity
the variety of ways the brain compensated for injury by making use of alternative resources
Give an example of neuroplasticity
A person gets in a car accident and damages the part of the brain that is responsible for moving your fingers, but over a long period of time, the person may develop new neuronal pathways to move their fingers again
Name the steps in the process of neuroplasticity
- formation of neurons
- continuing growth of axons and dendrites
- formation of synapses
- sculpting or pruning of synapses resulting in the production of neurotransmitters
- myelination
- glial cell production
synapses
the connection between the axons of one cell and the dendrite of another.
Neurotransmitters
the chemicals that stimulate or inhibit the firing of specific neurons
myelination
the white fatty substance that insulates the neurons and increases the speed of firing from one neuron to the next
Transient Exuberance
the rapid increase in the number of neurons, dendrites, and synapses that formed during the first two years of life
What sense improves in the first four months of infancy (human development)
Visual Acuity
Faceness
the ability to detect and differentiate faces (special visual category)
what is the largest sensory organ in the body?
Skin
what is the first sensory organ to develop?
Skin
Object Permanence
the concept that objects in the environment are permanent and do not cease to exist when they are out of reach or cannot be seen
Name the basic properties of physical objects
- objects have a location, path, and speed of motion
- objects have a mechanical property that include how they move in their relation to other objects
- objects have features such as their size, shape, and color
- objects have functions (what they do or how they are used)
categorization
treating certain individual objects as similar because they belong to the same basic grouping (size, shape, color etc.)
foundational category
the distinction between the social and nonsocial realm
prefrontal cortex
area of the brain that appears to be responsible for supporting the categorization of objects. (continues to develop into the mid 20s)
Language perception
the capacity to recognize the language sounds, including the combination of sounds made by letters and words and the rise and fall of pitch as words and sentences are spoken
Babbling
sounds used in many languages that begins to reflect the sounds an intonation infants are most likely to hear
intersubjectivity
a condition in which two conscious minds have the same thought or feeling
in typical development, when is an infant usually able to begin the development of words?
12-18 months
receptive language
the ability to understand words
Hollophrases
not real words, but rather single word utterances accompanies by gestures, actions, vocal intonations, and emotions
Attachment
process through which people develop specific positive emotional bonds with others
Attachment Behavior System
The system that is an organized pattern of infant signals as adult responses that lead to protective trusting relationships during the earliest stages of development
caregiving
nurturing responses from the person forming a corresponding behavioral system
Goal Corrected partnership
A variety of behaviors to influence the behavior of the parent and other objects of attachment in order to satisfy their own needs for closeness
Factors for Significant Attachment Figures
- the amount of time the infant is in the care of the person
- the quality and responsiveness of the care
- the person’s emotional investment in the infant
- the presence of the person in the infant’s life across long periods of time
Name the Patterns of Attachment
Secure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Resistant Attachment
Disorganized Attachment
Secure Attachment
no expression of rage or distress they seek attention from the caregiver after they return.
Resistant Attachment
cautious in the presence of a stranger. it is exploratory behavior notably disrupted by the caregiver’s departure. When the caregiver returns the infant appears to want to be close to the caregiver but they are also angry so they are very hard to soothe or comfort
Avoidant Attachment
Infants will avoid contact with their mothers during reunion segments following separation or ignore their efforts to interact
Disorganized Attachment
no consistent strategy for managing distress. Behave in contradictory and unpredictable ways that seem to convey extreme fear and confusion
sensitivity
the attentiveness to the infant’s state. The accurate interpretation of the infant signals and well-times responses that promote mutually rewarding reactions
Name the factors that affect sensitivity and underline secure attachments
- cultural and subcultural pathways
- caregivers personal life story
- contemporary factors
- characteristics of the infant
Reactive Attachment Disorder
consistent pattern of inhibited emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers
reactive attachment disorder is manifested by. . .
- The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
- The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when stressed.
Persistent social/emotional disturbance is characterized by (at least 2) of these
- minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others.
- limited positive effect
- episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident given during non threatening interactions with adult caregivers
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
Signs of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
-reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults overly familiar verbal or physical behavior that is not consistent with culturally sanctioned and with age appropriate social boundaries
-diminished/absent checking back with adult/caregiver after venturing away in unfamiliar settings
-willingness to go off with a strange adult with little to no hesitation
social referencing
when infants gather information about a situation or object by assessing their parent’s or caregivers reactions
steps of social referencing
- infant coordinated attention between adult and object/situation
-infant understands the adults emotional reaction to the object
-infant guides their emotional reaction toward the object based on the adults
trust
appraisal of availability and dependability and sensitivity of another person
mistrust
lack of confidence in the caregiver and doubt in one’s own lovableness
mutuality with the caregiver
characteristic of the relationship built on the consistency with which the caregiver responds appropriately to the infant’s needs
coordination refers to two related characteristics of the interaction. These are . . .
matching
syncrony
matching
when the infant and caregivers are involved in similar behaviors or states at the same time
synchrony
when the infant and caregiver move fluidly from one state to the next
mismatch and repair
establishment of neurochemical patterns which or when networks of synapses are established, oxytocin is released, pleasurable feelings ensue and the amygdala is impacted resulting in reduced arousal and greater sense of calm
withdrawl
generational orientation of weariness towards people and objects
