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Psychology of Human Development > Psychology of Human Development Chapter 5 BOOK > Flashcards

Psychology of Human Development Chapter 5 BOOK Flashcards

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1
Q

Infancy

A

A period of strikingly rapid development

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2
Q

What are the five major developmental tasks (critical) during infancy?

A
  1. establishment and coordination of the sensory perceptual and motor systems
  2. elaboration of the information processing capacities of sensory-motor intelligence
  3. the emergence of early communication skills
  4. formation of attachments
  5. differentiation of the emotional systems
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3
Q

What is the Apgar scoring method?

A

signs of life scored on a scale of 0-10

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4
Q

what does the Apgar score evaluate?

A

Heart Rate
Respiratory Effort
Muscle Tone Reflex Irritibility
Color

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5
Q

If a baby has an Apgar score of 7-10 what are the baby’s conditions?

A

The infant is in good, stable, and seemingly healthy conditions

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6
Q

If a baby has an Apgar score of 4-6, what are the baby’s conditions?

A

The infant is in fair condition, but may require administration of oxygen

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7
Q

If a baby has an Apgar score of 0-3, what are the baby’s conditions?

A

The infant is in an extremely poor condition and needs resuscitation

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8
Q

What factors can contribute to an infant having a low Apgar score?

A

Low Birth Weight
Inadequate Diet
Smoking
Drugs
Environmental Factors

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9
Q

Are infants that are small for their gestational age (SGA) at greater or at normal risk for health issues?

A

Greater Risk

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10
Q

Self Regulation

A

An infant’s ability to manage thoughts, and feelings to enable the goal-directed actions.

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11
Q

Babies born before how many weeks do not have the benefit of positive features of the uterine environment that supports aspects of self regulation?

A

30 weeks

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12
Q

babies with a birth weight less than what have risks for developmental disabilities

A

1500 grams

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13
Q

Vagal Tone

A

Process in which the heart rate varies during changes in the environmental conditions

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14
Q

habituation

A

the infants response decreases after each presentation of an identical stimulus

(One of the most primitive forms of learning and is observed in many mammalian species and is one way to determine whether an infant can discriminate between two different stimuli)

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15
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that are already connected in pathways that are designed to execute functions related to sensation perception and motor behavior (as well as regulate internal systems such as respiration, circulation, digestion, and temperature control)

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16
Q

what are the internal systems neurons are functionally designed to execute?

A

Respiration
Circulation
Digestion
Temperature Control

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17
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the variety of ways the brain compensated for injury by making use of alternative resources

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18
Q

Give an example of neuroplasticity

A

A person gets in a car accident and damages the part of the brain that is responsible for moving your fingers, but over a long period of time, the person may develop new neuronal pathways to move their fingers again

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19
Q

Name the steps in the process of neuroplasticity

A
  1. formation of neurons
  2. continuing growth of axons and dendrites
  3. formation of synapses
  4. sculpting or pruning of synapses resulting in the production of neurotransmitters
  5. myelination
  6. glial cell production
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20
Q

synapses

A

the connection between the axons of one cell and the dendrite of another.

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

the chemicals that stimulate or inhibit the firing of specific neurons

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22
Q

myelination

A

the white fatty substance that insulates the neurons and increases the speed of firing from one neuron to the next

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23
Q

Transient Exuberance

A

the rapid increase in the number of neurons, dendrites, and synapses that formed during the first two years of life

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24
Q

What sense improves in the first four months of infancy (human development)

A

Visual Acuity

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25
Q

Faceness

A

the ability to detect and differentiate faces (special visual category)

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26
Q

what is the largest sensory organ in the body?

A

Skin

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27
Q

what is the first sensory organ to develop?

A

Skin

28
Q

Object Permanence

A

the concept that objects in the environment are permanent and do not cease to exist when they are out of reach or cannot be seen

29
Q

Name the basic properties of physical objects

A
  1. objects have a location, path, and speed of motion
  2. objects have a mechanical property that include how they move in their relation to other objects
  3. objects have features such as their size, shape, and color
  4. objects have functions (what they do or how they are used)
30
Q

categorization

A

treating certain individual objects as similar because they belong to the same basic grouping (size, shape, color etc.)

31
Q

foundational category

A

the distinction between the social and nonsocial realm

32
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

area of the brain that appears to be responsible for supporting the categorization of objects. (continues to develop into the mid 20s)

33
Q

Language perception

A

the capacity to recognize the language sounds, including the combination of sounds made by letters and words and the rise and fall of pitch as words and sentences are spoken

34
Q

Babbling

A

sounds used in many languages that begins to reflect the sounds an intonation infants are most likely to hear

35
Q

intersubjectivity

A

a condition in which two conscious minds have the same thought or feeling

36
Q

in typical development, when is an infant usually able to begin the development of words?

A

12-18 months

37
Q

receptive language

A

the ability to understand words

38
Q

Hollophrases

A

not real words, but rather single word utterances accompanies by gestures, actions, vocal intonations, and emotions

39
Q

Attachment

A

process through which people develop specific positive emotional bonds with others

40
Q

Attachment Behavior System

A

The system that is an organized pattern of infant signals as adult responses that lead to protective trusting relationships during the earliest stages of development

41
Q

caregiving

A

nurturing responses from the person forming a corresponding behavioral system

42
Q

Goal Corrected partnership

A

A variety of behaviors to influence the behavior of the parent and other objects of attachment in order to satisfy their own needs for closeness

43
Q

Factors for Significant Attachment Figures

A
  1. the amount of time the infant is in the care of the person
  2. the quality and responsiveness of the care
  3. the person’s emotional investment in the infant
  4. the presence of the person in the infant’s life across long periods of time
44
Q

Name the Patterns of Attachment

A

Secure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Resistant Attachment
Disorganized Attachment

45
Q

Secure Attachment

A

no expression of rage or distress they seek attention from the caregiver after they return.

46
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

cautious in the presence of a stranger. it is exploratory behavior notably disrupted by the caregiver’s departure. When the caregiver returns the infant appears to want to be close to the caregiver but they are also angry so they are very hard to soothe or comfort

47
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Infants will avoid contact with their mothers during reunion segments following separation or ignore their efforts to interact

48
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

no consistent strategy for managing distress. Behave in contradictory and unpredictable ways that seem to convey extreme fear and confusion

49
Q

sensitivity

A

the attentiveness to the infant’s state. The accurate interpretation of the infant signals and well-times responses that promote mutually rewarding reactions

50
Q

Name the factors that affect sensitivity and underline secure attachments

A
  1. cultural and subcultural pathways
  2. caregivers personal life story
  3. contemporary factors
  4. characteristics of the infant
51
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A

consistent pattern of inhibited emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers

52
Q

reactive attachment disorder is manifested by. . .

A
  1. The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed
  2. The child rarely or minimally responds to comfort when stressed.
53
Q

Persistent social/emotional disturbance is characterized by (at least 2) of these

A
  1. minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others.
  2. limited positive effect
  3. episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness that are evident given during non threatening interactions with adult caregivers
54
Q

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

A

pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults

55
Q

Signs of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

A

-reduced or absent reticence in approaching and interacting with unfamiliar adults overly familiar verbal or physical behavior that is not consistent with culturally sanctioned and with age appropriate social boundaries

-diminished/absent checking back with adult/caregiver after venturing away in unfamiliar settings

-willingness to go off with a strange adult with little to no hesitation

56
Q

social referencing

A

when infants gather information about a situation or object by assessing their parent’s or caregivers reactions

57
Q

steps of social referencing

A
  • infant coordinated attention between adult and object/situation

-infant understands the adults emotional reaction to the object

-infant guides their emotional reaction toward the object based on the adults

58
Q

trust

A

appraisal of availability and dependability and sensitivity of another person

59
Q

mistrust

A

lack of confidence in the caregiver and doubt in one’s own lovableness

60
Q

mutuality with the caregiver

A

characteristic of the relationship built on the consistency with which the caregiver responds appropriately to the infant’s needs

61
Q

coordination refers to two related characteristics of the interaction. These are . . .

A

matching
syncrony

62
Q

matching

A

when the infant and caregivers are involved in similar behaviors or states at the same time

63
Q

synchrony

A

when the infant and caregiver move fluidly from one state to the next

64
Q

mismatch and repair

A

establishment of neurochemical patterns which or when networks of synapses are established, oxytocin is released, pleasurable feelings ensue and the amygdala is impacted resulting in reduced arousal and greater sense of calm

65
Q

withdrawl

A

generational orientation of weariness towards people and objects

66
Q
A

Psychology of Human Development (4 decks)

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