Psychology midterm review

Question 1

wilhelm wundt

Answer 1

founded the first psychology laboratory in leipzeig, germany in 1879 and emphasized the analysis of experience through trained introspection.

Question 2

phrenolgy

Answer 2

the now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be “read” from bumps on the skull.

Question 3

cognitive perspective

Answer 3

a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.

Question 4

piagets Theory of cognitive stages

Answer 4

he said as children develop, their minds constantly adapt to new situations and experiences.

Question 5

object permanence

Answer 5

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

Question 6

conservation

Answer 6

the understanding that the physical properties of objects–such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass-can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

Question 7

sensorimotor stage

Answer 7

piaget, from birth to two, infant learns through concrete actions : looking, touching, putting things in mouth, sucking, grasping

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

from ages 2 to 7, the chidren’s uses of symbols and language accelerates, children still lack the cognitive abilities necessary for understanding abstract principles and mental operations.

Question 9

concrete operations

Answer 9

ages 7 to 12 during which the child comes to understand conservation, increasingly become able to take other people’s perspectives and they make fewer logical errors.

Question 10

formal operations age

Answer 10

from 12 to adulthood, people become capable of abstract reasoning, can reason about situations not experienced and think about future.

Question 11

biological perspective

Answer 11

focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.

Question 12

learning perspective

Answer 12

is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or non human’s) actions.

Question 13

behaviorist

Answer 13

focus on environmental rewards and punishers, acts and events taking place in the environment.

Question 14

social-cognitive learning theory

Answer 14

people learn by not only adapting their behavior to the environment, but also by imitating others and by thinking about the events happening around them.

Question 15

sociocultural perspective

Answer 15

a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

Question 16

sigmund freud

Answer 16

the founder of psychoanalysis, which was the first psychodynamic theory.

Question 17

modern psychodynamic theories

Answer 17

share an emphasis on unconscious processes and a belief in the formative role of childhood experiences and early unconscious conflicts.

Question 18

id

Answer 18

which is present at birth , it is the life or sex instinct and the death or aggressive instinct.

Question 19

ego

Answer 19

is the referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society, represents reason and good sense.

Question 20

superego

Answer 20

is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority.

Question 21

oral stage

Answer 21

1 year old when babies experience the world through their mouth, those fixated at this stage as adults will seek out oral gratification.

Question 22

anal stage

Answer 22

ages 2-3 years old, when toilet training and the control of bodily wastes are keys issues, adults stuck in this stage became “anal retentive” holding everything in, obsessive about cleanliness and neatness, or the oppositve

Question 23

phallic stage

Answer 23

3 to 5 or years old, oedipal stage, the child unconsciously wishes to possess the parent of the other sex and to get rid of the parent of the same sex

Question 24

latency stage

Answer 24

a non sexual stage in preparation for the genital stage

Question 25

genital stage

Answer 25

which begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality.

Question 26

Carl Jung

Answer 26

said that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing the universal memories, symbols and themes, he called archetypes. (evil, heros, mothers, fathers)

Question 27

trust vs mistrust (erik erickson)

Answer 27

is the challenge that occurs during the baby’s first year, when the baby depends on others to provide food, comfort, cuddling and warmth. if needs are not met, the child may never develop the essential trust of others necessary to get along in the world.

Question 28

autonomy (independence) vs shame and doubt (erickson)

Answer 28

is the challenge that occurs when the child is a toddler. the child is learning to be independent and must do so without feeling too ashamed or uncertain about his or her actions.

Question 29

initiative vs guilt

Answer 29

is the challenge that occurs as the preschooler develops. The child is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals and enjoying newfound talents but must also learn to control impulses. The danger lies in developing too strong a send of guilt over his or her wishes and fantasies.

Question 30

competence vs inferiority

Answer 30

is the challenge for school-age children, who are learning to make things, use tools, and acquire the skills for adult life. Children who fail these lessons of mastery and competence may come out of this stage feeling inadequate and inferior.

Question 31

identity vs role confusion

Answer 31

is the greatest challenge of adolescence, when teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do and what they hope to make of their lives. Erickson used the term identity crisis to describe what he considered to be the primary conflict of this stage. Those who resolve it will emerge with a strong identity, ready to plan for the future. Those who do not will sink into confusion unable to make decisions.

Question 32

intimacy versus isolation

Answer 32

is the challenge of young adulthood. Once you have decided who you , said Erickson, you must share yourself with another and learn to make commitments. No matter how successful you are in your work, you are not complete until you are capable of intimacy.

Question 33

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 33

is the challenge of the middle years. Now that you know who you are and have intimate relationships, will you sink into complacency and selfishness or will you experience generativity,— creativity and renewal? Parenthood is the most common route to generativity, but people can be productive, creative and nurturing in other ways, in their work or their relationships with the younger generation.

Question 34

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 34

is the final challenge of old age. as they age, people strive to reach the ultimate goals of wisdom, spiritual tranquility, and acceptance of their lives. just as the healthy child will not fear life, said erikson, the healthy adult will not fear death.

Question 35

object relations school

Answer 35

a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the first two years of life and an infants formative relations, especially with the mother.

Question 36

psychodynamic theories

Answer 36

theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

Question 37

secure attachment

Answer 37

ainsworth said mothers who are sensitive and responsive to their babies’ needs create securely attached infants

Question 38

insecure attachment

Answer 38

these factors promote insecure attachment:

1. abandonment and deprivation in the first year or two of life
2. parenting that is abusive, neglectful, or erratic because the parent is chronically irresponsible or clinically depressed.
3. The child’s own genetically influenced temperament.
4. stressful circumstances in the child’s family.

Question 39

humanist psychology

Answer 39

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.

Question 40

unconditional positive regard

Answer 40

to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no condition s attached, to create a fully functioning person

Question 41

rollo may

Answer 41

emphasized philosophy of existentialism, which focuses on the inherent challenges of human existence that result from having free will, such as the search for meaning in life

Question 42

Abraham Maslow

Answer 42

concepts of peak experiences and self-actualization, emphasize human potential and the strengths of human nature. someone who strives for a meaningful, challenging and satisfying life.

Question 43

evolutionary psychology

Answer 43

a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices and other areas of behavior.