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mcc sem 1 > psychology mid > Flashcards

psychology mid Flashcards

1
Q

Etymology of the Word “Psychology”

A

Etymology of “Psychology”: The word “psychology” derives from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning soul, and “logos,” meaning study or knowledge. Therefore, psychology is the study of the soul or the mind.

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2
Q

Paradigms in Psychology

A

A paradigm in psychology is a framework or perspective that shapes how psychologists view and study human behavior. Each paradigm has its assumptions, beliefs, and methods for studying human beings.

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3
Q

Early Psychology Paradigms

A

Early Psychology Paradigms: Four major paradigms in early psychology:
Structuralism (Founder: Wilhelm Wundt): Focused on the analysis of the mind’s structure through introspection.
Psychoanalysis (Founder: Sigmund Freud): Explored the unconscious mind and psychological disorders.
Functionalism (Founder: William James): Studied the adaptive functions of consciousness and behavior.
Behaviorism (Founder: John B. Watson): Emphasized observable behavior and its relation to stimuli and responses.

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4
Q

Assumptions in Psychology

A

Assumptions play a significant role in shaping how psychology is conducted, influencing the direction of research and the understanding of human behavior.

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5
Q

Definition of Psychology

A

Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

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6
Q

History of Psychology - Wilhelm Wundt

A

Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the father of psychology, founding psychology in the year 1879.

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7
Q

Psychology as a Branch of Philosophy

A

Prior to Wundt, psychology was considered a branch of philosophy.

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8
Q

Psychology as a Natural Science

A

Psychology developed as a natural science due to its focus on systematic observation, experimentation, and measurement.

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9
Q

Limitations of Exclusive Methods

A

Basing psychology exclusively on these methods can overlook the complexity of human behavior and mental processes.

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud and Psychotherapy

A

Known as the father of psychotherapy, Freud’s work focused on the unconscious mind and the treatment of psychological disorders.

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11
Q

Dominance of Behaviorism

A

Behaviorism took over early psychology due to its emphasis on observable behavior and the rejection of introspection.

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12
Q

Principles of Good Science

A

Good science is characterized by two principles - open-mindedness/humility and skepticism.

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13
Q

Theory and Hypothesis

A

A theory is a systematic explanation of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a theory.

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14
Q

Research Methods in Psychology

A

Psychology employs three primary research methods - descriptive methods, correlational methods, and experimental methods, each serving specific purposes.

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15
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

Include naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys used to describe and understand behaviors.

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16
Q

Experimental Method

A

Key features include controlled conditions and manipulation of an independent variable.

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17
Q

Liabilities of Experimentation

A

Experiments may oversimplify complex phenomena and not always capture real-world behavior.

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18
Q

Phenomenological Method

A

Developed to explore the richness of human experiences, focusing on personal meaning and perception.

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19
Q

Correlation and Causation

A

Correlation: A measure of how two variables are related; it doesn’t imply causation.
Types of Correlations: Positive correlation (variables move together), negative correlation (variables move in opposite directions), no correlation (variables are unrelated).

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20
Q

Behavioral Science

A

The study of human behavior, aiming to understand and predict behavior through scientific methods.

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21
Q

Definition of Learning

A

The process of acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, or skills through experiences.

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22
Q

Importance of Learning

A

Learning is vital for human beings as it leads to personal growth, adaptation, and hope for positive change.

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23
Q

Connection Between Psychotherapy and Learning

A

Psychotherapy often involves the process of learning and unlearning behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

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24
Q

Genetic and Physiological Explanations

A

Those who emphasize genetics and physiology may not consider psychotherapy as the primary means of change, as they focus on biological factors.

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25
Q

Conditioning and Behaviorism

A

A central focus of behaviorism, exploring how behaviors are learned and modified through conditioning.

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26
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Founded by Ivan Pavlov, it involves the association of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

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27
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency for a conditioned response to occur with stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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28
Q

Limitation of Classical Conditioning

A

Classical conditioning has limitations, such as not explaining all types of learning.

29
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Proposed by B.F. Skinner, it focuses on how behaviors are shaped by consequences, including reinforcement and punishment.

30
Q

Difference from Classical Conditioning

A

Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behaviors and consequences.

31
Q

Reinforcer

A

Something that increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring, including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

32
Q

Prominence in Culture

A

Operant conditioning principles are widely applied in education, parenting, and behavior modification.

33
Q

Shaping

A

The process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that approach a desired behavior.

34
Q

Observational Learning

A

Proposed by Albert Bandura, it involves learning by observing others’ behaviors and their consequences.

35
Q

Ideal of Science

A

The ideal of science is to use research and evidence to resolve disputes and seek the truth.

36
Q

Purpose of Descriptive vs. Experimental Methods

A

Descriptive methods aim to describe behavior, while experimental methods aim to explain and test causal relationships.

37
Q

Narrow vs. Broader Understanding of Science

A

The narrow understanding of science focuses on direct observation and measurement, potentially overlooking nuanced aspects of human behavior.

38
Q

Openness to Studying All Phenomena

A

Psychology as a science may debate whether to study all psychological phenomena, even if they appear strange or unusual.

39
Q

Philosophical Empiricism

A

A philosophical view emphasizing that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and observation.

40
Q

Replication in Psychological Research

A

Repetition of experiments by independent researchers to confirm findings and establish reliability.

41
Q

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

A

Innate reinforcers like food and water.
Secondary Reinforcers: Learned reinforcers through association with primary reinforcers.

42
Q

Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Behavioral Neuroscience: Focuses on the relationship between the brain and behavior.
Cognitive Neuroscience: Investigates the neural basis of cognitive processes like thinking and memory.

43
Q

Dualism

A

The philosophical concept that the mind and body are distinct entities, posing challenges for psychology.

44
Q

Definitions of Consciousness and the Unconscious

A

Consciousness: Awareness of one’s thoughts, perceptions, and experiences.
Unconscious: Mental processes or content beyond conscious awareness.

45
Q

Shaping (Repeat)

A

The process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that approach a desired behavior.

46
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Focuses on mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving.

47
Q

Modeling

A

Learning through imitation of others’ behaviors and actions.

48
Q

Purpose of Psychology

A

To develop a comprehensive understanding of human beings and improve human life

49
Q

Subfields in Psychology

A

Psychology has various subfields, including clinical, social, cognitive, and developmental psychology, each specializing in specific areas of research.

50
Q

Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists

A

Psychologists hold Ph.D. or equivalent degrees and focus on psychological assessment and therapy. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication.

51
Q

Introspection

A

The process of self-observation and reflection on one’s thoughts and emotions.

52
Q

Psychologists and Their Degrees

A

Psychologists hold a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) or an equivalent degree in their specialty area.

53
Q

American Psychological Association

A

The APA is a professional organization that promotes psychology and provides ethical guidelines.

54
Q

Informed Consent and Debriefing

A

Informed Consent: Obtaining participants’ voluntary agreement to take part in research.
Debriefing: Providing participants with information about the study’s purpose and ensuring their well-being.

55
Q

Elaborative Encoding

A

A memory strategy that involves making information more meaningful and memorable.

56
Q

Encoding and Retrieval

A

Encoding: The process of converting information into a format suitable for storage.
Retrieval: The process of recalling information from memory.

57
Q

Rehearsal

A

A memory strategy involving repeated mental practice or repetition of information.

58
Q

Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia

A

Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after a certain event.
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memory for events that occurred before a certain event.

59
Q

Seven Sins of Memory

A

Include transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence.

60
Q

Law of Effect

A

A principle stating that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.

61
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

The tendency for offering external rewards to reduce intrinsic motivation.

62
Q

Implicit Learning

A

The acquisition of information without awareness or intention.

63
Q

Reliability of Memory

A

Memory can be prone to distortions over time and influenced by suggestion.

64
Q

Stage Theory of Memory

A

Includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

65
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid and emotionally charged memories of significant events.

66
Q

Memory Research Questions

A

Researchers study why we remember certain things, how accurate memory is, how memory functions, and what causes forgetting.

67
Q

Synaptic Changes and Memory

A

The latest theory suggests that memories are stored in the brain through changes in synaptic connections.

68
Q

Hippocampus and Explicit Memories

A

The region of the brain associated with the storage of explicit or conscious memories.

mcc sem 1 (5 decks)

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