Lecture 4 Flashcards
gene
is a section of DNA that codes for a
characteristic (family)
Alleles
the different forms of each gene (you
or another individual family member)
Dominant and recessive
you get 2 copies of
every gene, one from each parent, so for each
gene you have 2 allele possibilities. If you have
2 different alleles, you can show one or a mix,
depending on the type of gene it is
Genotype
DNA coding for a characteristic;
listing of all alleles present
Phenotype
what you see based on which alleles
are dominant and/or expressed based on
environmental factors
Segregation
gametes cells each get 1 allele from
each pair
- Law of Independent Assortment
traits segregate
independently from one another
variance
The amount
of variation
within a
population
Polygenic trait
trait influenced by
many genes
Phenotypic plasticity
ability of a
genotype to produce a range of
phenotypes depending on environment
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
4 nitrogenous bases
A, T, C, G
what makes the double helix
The two types pair with one another (A-T and CG) via Hydrogen bonds and form a double helix
how do the bases swap
A, T, C, G - T A G C
How do we use DNA?
DNA is a long sequence of genes that are
instructions for how to make an organism,
so we need sombody to read the directions
and put together the pieces. RNA does this.
3 kinds of Rna
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Different sugar in RNA
, U instead of T
order of translation
DNA RNA protein
Transcription
copying a segment of DNA
into a strand of RNA
Translation
reading the RNA segment and
assembling the protein coded for by the
sequence of bases
hellicase
holds the shit together
polymerases
enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
rna polymerase
a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription
codon
3 consecutive bases are a codon and code
for a specific amino acid
“start” and “stop” codons
There are also “start” and “stop” codons
that signal the beginning and ending of a
gene
anticodon,
the reverse of the codon
initiation
The process begins when an initiator protein–DNA complex is formed that subsequently loads a DNA helicase onto the DNA template.
elongation
an enzyme called DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3′ end of the newly synthesized polynucleotide strand
termination
occurs when two replication forks meet on the same stretch of DNA
