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mcc sem 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic approach to inquiry in science involving observations, hypotheses, experiments, and conclusions.

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2
Q

Testifiable

A

Capable of being tested or evaluated through experimentation.

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable and falsifiable explanation for a phenomenon or behavior.

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3
Q

Falsifiable

A

A characteristic of a hypothesis that means it can be proven false through evidence.

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4
Q

Control Group

A

A group in an experiment not receiving treatment, used for comparison.

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5
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group in an experiment receiving the treatment being tested.

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6
Q

Placebo

A

An inert substance that resembles the treatment but lacks the active component.

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7
Q

Double Blind

A

An experimental design where both participants and researchers are unaware of group assignments.

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7
Q

Treatment

A

The specific condition or factor being manipulated in an experiment.

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8
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical relationship between variables, not implying causation.

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9
Q

Secondary Source

A

Interpretations or summaries of primary sources.

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9
Q

Primary Source

A

Original documents or materials providing direct firsthand information.

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10
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in a solvent to create a solution.

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11
Q

Solvent

A

A substance in which solutes can dissolve to form a solution.

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11
Q

Life Characteristics (C,R,M,R,E,M,H)

A

Cellular Organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Response to Stimuli, Homeostasis, Evolution, Heredity.

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12
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

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13
Q

Element

A

A pure substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons.

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14
Q

Molecule

A

A group of bonded atoms, the smallest unit of a compound.

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14
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed by the chemical bonding of different elements.

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15
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element, consisting of a nucleus and electrons.

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15
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle orbiting an atom’s nucleus.

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16
Q

Neutron

A

A neutral subatomic particle in an atom’s nucleus.

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16
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged subatomic particle in an atom’s nucleus.

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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18
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond formed by electron transfer, resulting in charged ions.

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19
Q

Molecule

A

A group of atoms bonded together.

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19
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom, determining its element identity.

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

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21
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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21
Q

Valence Shell/Orbital

A

The outermost electron shell of an atom, influencing its chemical behavior.

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22
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

22
Q

Polarity

A

Uneven distribution of charge in a molecule, resulting in positive and negative ends.

23
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

24
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repellent to water, often due to nonpolar characteristics.

25
Q

Organic

A

Compounds containing carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms.

25
Q

Inorganic

A

Substances or compounds lacking carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.

26
Q

5 Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Polysaccharides.

26
Q

Amino Acid

A

Building blocks of proteins, with an amino group, carboxyl group, and variable side chain.

27
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A covalent bond between two amino acids in protein synthesis.

28
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.

29
Q

-ose

A

Suffix indicating a sugar or carbohydrate (e.g., glucose, fructose).

29
Q

Side Group

A

A variable part of an amino acid, giving it unique properties.

30
Q

1:2:1 CHO

A

The molecular ratio of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in carbohydrates.

31
Q

-ase

A

Suffix often used for enzyme names (e.g., amylase, lipase).

32
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Organisms lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

33
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Organisms with a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

34
Q

Organelle

A

A specialized subunit within a cell with specific functions.

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel-like substance inside cells containing organelles.

35
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that can produce its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, often referred to as a “producer.”

35
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The outer membrane of a cell, controlling substance passage.

36
Q

Ribosome

A

Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

36
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen, using chlorophyll.

36
Q

Matrix

A

The innermost compartment of mitochondria.

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

37
Q

Thylakoid

A

A membrane structure within chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

38
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.

38
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.

39
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid-filled space within chloroplasts where the Calvin Cycle takes place.

40
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A theory explaining the origin of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient prokaryotes.

41
Q

Light Reactions

A

The initial stage of photosynthesis where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

41
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

The second stage of aerobic respiration, taking place in the mitochondria, where pyruvate is further oxidized to produce ATP and electron carriers

41
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms, often referred to as a “consumer.”

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first stage of aerobic respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate and a small amount of ATP.

42
Q

Fermentation

A

An anaerobic process that follows glycolysis when oxygen is scarce, converting pyruvate into lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol (in yeast), producing a small amount of ATP.

42
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

A

The chemical equation representing aerobic respiration, where glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP to release energy.

42
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The process by which cells generate energy (ATP) from glucose and oxygen, involving glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain.

43
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight => C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

The chemical equation representing photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, are converted into glucose and oxygen.

44
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons and generates a proton gradient to produce ATP.

45
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions, often driving the movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

46
Q

Greenhouse Gas

A

A gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that traps heat and contributes to the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming.

46
Q

Active Site

A

A region on an enzyme where the substrate binds, facilitating the chemical reaction.

47
Q

Substrate

A

The specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts to catalyze a chemical reaction.

48
Q

Product

A

The result of a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, produced from the interaction between the substrate and the enzyme’s active site.

49
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with the same solute concentration as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water across a cell membrane.

49
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution, causing water to move out of cells and leading to cell shrinkag

50
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution, causing water to move into cells and leading to cell swelling or bursting.

mcc sem 1 (5 decks)

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