Psychology key terms - paper 1 Flashcards
Agentic State
An explanation for obedience, where individuals carry out orders as an agent of an authoritarian figure.
These agents no longer view there action as there own/autonomous, or take responsibility for their actions
Compliance
a change in behaviour that only occurs as a result of being in the presence of a group one wishes to comply with - the individuals internal beliefs remain the same.
Identification
A change in an individuals internal beliefs and behaviour to that of a specific group, but only in the presence of the group.
Internalisation
A change in an individuals internal beliefs and behaviours to align with a specific group, these changes remain outside of the presence of the group.
Informational social influence
When an individual conforms due to to the belief that someone is more knowledgeable than them and are therefore more likely to be right
Normative social influence
When an individual conforms due to they belief they will be ostracised or perceived negatively if they don’t
Legitimacy of authority
An explanation for obedience where someone will obey another if they are perceived to be of importance or higher up the social hierarchy
Locus of control
an individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life
Capacity
The maximum amount of information that memory can hold
Central executive
an important feature of the working memory model is poorly understood, but is said to direct information to the appropriate slave systems in the model.
Coding
The way different memory systems store information, by converting that info into a suitable format for our brain
Duration
The length of time a memory stays stored in memory
Episodic Buffer
A component of the working memory model that puts information from other components to make a combined, sensible memory.
Episodic Memory
a type of conscious long-term memory which consists of multiple sense integrated together to form “ever-day” memories.
leading questions
a type of question when asked, encourages a certain answer. For example, “ was the perpetrator black?” being asked instead of the question “ what ethnicity was the perpetrator?”
Long term memory
A type of memory storage that has potentially unlimited storage. In which we hold different kinds of memories for potentially unlimited time.
Phonological loop
A component of the working memory model that holds information regarding words, composed of words we repeat in a loop to ourselves and perceiving words we hear for a short student duration time.
Proactive interference
an explanation for forgetting which suggests information we have learned previously interferes with new information we are trying to store. For example, a psychology teacher forgetting the names of her new students, and instead remembering the names of her old students (Proactive = Forward acting = new memories are interfered with.)
Procedural memory
A type of unconscious long-term memory that stores information regarding the way we carry out actions without conscious involvement i.e. walking, driving, etc…
Retro active interference
An explanation for forgetting which suggests that new information we learn interferes with information we already know. For example, a psychology teacher forgetting the names of her old class because of new students. (Retroactive = backwards acting = old memories are interfered with.)
Semantic Memory
a type of conscious long term memory that contains information regarding “facts” we have learned. This type of memory is uncomplicated and does not include contextual information as episodic memory does
Sensory register
A place that holds information gathered through our senses fora very short amount of time, perceiving information before it is stored or processed be any other memory store.
Short term memory
A type of memory store lasting about 30 seconds that can hold 5-9 pieces of information. Information from here can be moved into long-term memory via rehearsal
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
A component of the working memory model in which visual and spatial information is stores for a short amount of time.
Bowlbys Mono tropic theory
A theory of attachment proposed by john bowlby, that suggests attachment is the result of evolutionary behaviours towards a primary care giver.
Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
A theory for social deviance proposed by John Bowlby that suggests that constant separation from the child and primary caregiver results in permanent difficulties for the child in the future.
Critical period
A period of time, proposed by John Bowlby, within which a child does not form an attachment, they will never form an attachment.
Interactional Synchrony
A type of interaction between a child and primary caregiver in which both the caregiver and infant mirror each others actions
Insecure avoidant attachment
A type of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth in her strange situation. This “Type A” attachment style is characterised by low anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of the caregiver. Upon reunion with the caregiver, the child shows no interest in receiving comfort.
Insecure-resistant attachment
A type of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth in her strange situation. This “Type B” attachment style is characterised by extreme anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of the caregiver. Furthermore, the child will resist comfort from the caregiver.
Institutionalisation
The long term effects of growing up in an institution and being unable to create an attachment with a primary care giver
Internal Working Model
An internal framework, theorised by Bowlby, which is formed by a child’s interactions with their primary caregiver that remains as a reference for understanding the world
Reciprocity
a type of interaction between caregiver and child in which both individuals respond to each other’s actions with mutual responsiveness, and elicit responses from each other.
Secure Attachment
a type of attachment identified by Mary Ainsworth in her strange situation. This type of attachment is characterised by a child that shows moderate anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of their caregiver as a safe base from which to explore.
Becks Negative Triad
a component of Beck’s cognitive explanation for depression which suggests negative thoughts in depression broach three categories: the self, the world and the future
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
A form of therapy used to help patients with depression that aims to directly combat irrational cognitive bias
Depression
A mood disorder that causes sufferers to experience chronic low mood
Deviation from ideal mental health
a definition of abnormality that suggests if a person does not achieve one of the six ideal mental health, they are acting abnormally. These six criteria are coping with stress, self actualisation, sufficient self esteem, autonomy, adaption to new situations and an accurate idea of the world.
Deviation from social norms
A definition of abnormality that suggests that if a person deviates from cultural and social rules, they are abnormal. This definition is restricted temporally and spatially. For example, homosexuality was viewed as abnormal in the past and is currently viewed as abnormal in some countries today
Ellis’ ABC Model
An explanation for depression which suggests it is caused fundamentally by irrational beliefs. He explains that an “Activating event” (A) is interpreted by your “beliefs” (B) Which lead to unhealthy “consequences” (C). This cycle Causes and perpetuates depression.
Failure to function adequately
A definition of abnormality that suggests that a person has abnormal behaviour if they are unable to function in everyday life. This definition encompasses an individual’s quality of life as well as their objective behaviour.
