psychology exam one Flashcards
empirical
based on observation and experience rather than theory or logic
nonempirical
based on theory and logic
Mary Whiton Calkins
first woman APA president, finish psychology phd from Harvard but they didn’t give it to her because she was a woman.
Margaret Floy Washburn
Second woman APA president, got her degree from Harvard and is well known for her work with behavior
Francis Cecil Sumner
referred to as the “Father of Black Psychology” because he was the first African American to receive a PhD degree in psychology.
structuralism
examines human consciousness by analyzing the most basic elements. primary technique, introspection
functionalism
explore the function of mental and behavioral processes. william james
behaviorism
redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior. B. F skinner , Watson.
psychoanalysis
emphasized ways the unconscious ,and and childhood experiences affect behavior. sigmund frued
humanistic psychology
prioritized human growth potential. emphasized the need for love, acceptance, and enrichment that nurtures personal growth.
different steps of scientific methods
make observation, form hypothesis, create testable prediction, test prediction, analyze data, communicate findings, start all over.
descriptive
observe and describe individual variables. does not examine relationships
correlational
measures relationships between variables for each individual participant. does not attempt to explain the relationship. correlation does not imply causation
experimental
answers cause and effect questions about relationships between variables to test its effect. (holds constant [control] variables)
independent variable
intentionally manipulated by the experimenter
dependent variable
variable that responds in response to the manipulation of the independent variable. measured.
hypotheses
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
predictions
what someone thinks will happen
whilhem wudnt
funded the first psychology labretory and explored structuralism
brain plasticity
The brains ability to change through growth and reorganization especially during childhood. brain builds pathways through experinces
Central Nervous System (CNS)
made up of brain and spinal cord receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
everything but brain and spinal cord feeds information into your brain from most of your senses. It carries signals that allow you to move your muscles. Your PNS also delivers signals that your brain uses to control vital, unconscious processes like your heartbeat and breathing.
Somatic
a component of the PNS associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles
Autonomic
a component of the of the PNS that regulates involuntary psychological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, resperation, digestion, and sexual arousal.
sympathetic (ANS)
best known for its response in dangerous or stressful situations. high respiration etc..
parasympathetic (ANS)
responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed. it undoes what the sympathetic nervous system does after a stressful situation.
Endoctrine System
the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body.
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that travel between synapses
Amygdala
a major precessing center for emotion. fight, flight, or freeze response.
My favorite part of the brain!
Hippocampus
memory and learning
hypothalamus
body temperature, heart rate, hunger
cerebellum
coordination, movement, maintaining posture and balance, muscle tone, and motor learning.
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
parietal lobe
helps construct the way your brain understands the world around you
occipital lobe
visiospacial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and facial recognition, and memory formation.
temoral lobe
managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.
sensation
receiving stimulus information from enviroment
perception
organizing and interpreting sensory input.
parallel processing
the use of multiple processors to divide the workload and minimize the compution time of a monotonous process.
perceptual set
mental assumptions affect what we experience. context, emotions, motivations
5 senses
see, smell, touch, taste, hear
sensory interaction examples
smell+texture+taste=flavor
Vision+hearing
smell+ taste
inattentional blindness
not noticing some unexpected object when attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice i
sleep purposes
protection, recuperation, restore memories
effects of sleep deprevation
interpersonal conflict, depression predictor, less productive, accident risk, weight gain, physical issues.
depressants
slows CNS and body functions. limits judgement. alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
stimulants
speeds up CNS and body functions, rise in energy and confidence. caffine, nic, meth, ecstacy, cocaine
hallucinogenics
distorts perception and evokes sensory images that aren’t there. LSD, MDMA, Psilocybin, marijuana
biological influence on substance use
alcoholism in the family
psychological influence on substance use
self treatment for medical problems
social influence on substance use
age, seeing other people do it
