Psych exam 2 Flashcards
Classical conditioning
pair a neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus that causes a response
Unconditioned stimuls
automatically triggers a respone
unconditioned response
an unlearned neural response to unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
elicits no reponse before conditioning
conditioned stimulus
originally neutral pairing with unconditioned stimulus triggers conditioned response
conditioned response
learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
generalization
Things similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits similar responses
discrimination
ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus
operant conditioning
Learning based on outcome that follows behavior (reinforcement and punishment)
positive reinforcement
present a desired reward after behavior that is wanted
negative reinforcement
takes away undesired stimulus after behavior to encourage the bahavior
positive punishment
present an undesirable stimulus after behavior that isnt wanted
negative punishment
take away desirable stimulus after behavior
drawbacks to punishment
teaches fear and agression, learner may only decrease behavior in some situations, negatively reinforces punishers behavior.
observational learning
learning by watching others/ imitating others
albert banduras bobo doll experiment
kids were separated into 2 groups, one group watches a person beat the crap out of the bobo doll and the other group watched the person ignore the bobo doll. when each kid went into the room with toys and the bobo doll the group that saw the bobo doll beat up also beat up the bobo doll and vise versa with the group.
prosocial modeling
helpful, nonviolent, cooperative behaviors
antisocial studying
witnessing agressive behaviors –> agressive behaviors.
spearmans general intellegence
general mental abilities that underline performance on cognitive tasks. spatial, numerical, mechanical, and verbal.
sternbergs three intellegence
practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence.
practical intellegence
the ability to adapt to the environment and achieve goals
creative intellegence
the ability to solve problems by coming up with new and original solutions
analytical intellegence
includes academic tasks, problem solving abilities, and abstract reasoning.
emotional intellegence
perceiving emotions, understanding emotions, managing emotions, and using emotions
achievement tests
reflect on what we have learned, (SATS, exams, and competitions)
aptitude tests
predict ability to learn a new skill
issues with iq testing
used to cause harm against various social groups, no scientific proof to support inherent genetic differences between social groups. street smarts vs academic smarts
what is developmental psych
studies physical, cognitive, and social growth across our life span.
stages in piagets theory of development
sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete stage, formal operational stage,
formal operational stage
reasoning abstractly, 12+, shift beyond personal experience, hypothetical and theoretical thinking, ethics and morals
sensory motor stage
experiencing the world through senses, birth-2, lack of object permanence
pre-operational stage
representing things with words and images, 2-6, pretend play and egocentrism, have object permanence, lack of concervation
concrete operational stage
thinking logically about concrete concepts, 7-11, empathy starts to form
micro system
immediate environment of individual. (friends, workplace, school, family)
mesosystem
interaction of microsystem, school-work balance, friend-family interaction.
exosystem
systems and setting beyond the individual, relatives workplace, social services, city council
macrosystem
overarching patterns and beliefs, social norms, laws, cultural beliefs, systems of opression
three stages of memory
recall, recognition, relearning
recall
retreive information previously learned with no prompt, open ended questions
recognition
identify information previously learned, multiple choice
implicit memory
learned skills or classically conditioned associations
explicit memory
memory or facts/ experiences one consciously knows.
sematic memory
general world knowledge
episodic memory
personally experienced events
encoding
getting information into memory
effortful processing stratagies
chunking, mnemonics, hierarchys
spacing and testing effects
spacing, encoding spread over long period of time, testing, retrieving rather than simply rereading information
shallow processing
encodes on a basic level (a words letters) or on a more intermediate level (a words sounds)
deep processing
encodes semantically, based on a words meaning
storage
retaining encoded information over time
retrieval
accessing information from memory storage
flashbulb memory
clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events
context dependant memroy
recalling information when the context is the same for encoding and retreival
serial position effect
tendency to recall the last (recency effect) and first )primacy effect) items in a list
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories but recall old ones
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past memories but can form new memories
misinformation effect
corruption of a memory by misleading information (loftus & palmer, 1974)
maslow hierarchy of needs
bottom to top of the pyramid: physiological needs (food and water), safety needs (stability and a nice house and good family environment), belongings and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization, self transcendence.
affiliation need
the need for the feeling of love and acceptance
grit
perseverance, and the ability to fulfill and have desire to accomplish long term goals.
extrinsic motivation
preforming or doing well for others or external rewards or to avoid punishment
intrinsic motivation
preforming for yourself and its own sake.
