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psychology > Psych exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

pair a neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus that causes a response

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2
Q

Unconditioned stimuls

A

automatically triggers a respone

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned neural response to unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

neutral stimulus

A

elicits no reponse before conditioning

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5
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

originally neutral pairing with unconditioned stimulus triggers conditioned response

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6
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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7
Q

generalization

A

Things similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits similar responses

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8
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimulus

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9
Q

operant conditioning

A

Learning based on outcome that follows behavior (reinforcement and punishment)

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

present a desired reward after behavior that is wanted

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

takes away undesired stimulus after behavior to encourage the bahavior

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12
Q

positive punishment

A

present an undesirable stimulus after behavior that isnt wanted

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13
Q

negative punishment

A

take away desirable stimulus after behavior

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14
Q

drawbacks to punishment

A

teaches fear and agression, learner may only decrease behavior in some situations, negatively reinforces punishers behavior.

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15
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching others/ imitating others

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16
Q

albert banduras bobo doll experiment

A

kids were separated into 2 groups, one group watches a person beat the crap out of the bobo doll and the other group watched the person ignore the bobo doll. when each kid went into the room with toys and the bobo doll the group that saw the bobo doll beat up also beat up the bobo doll and vise versa with the group.

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17
Q

prosocial modeling

A

helpful, nonviolent, cooperative behaviors

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18
Q

antisocial studying

A

witnessing agressive behaviors –> agressive behaviors.

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19
Q

spearmans general intellegence

A

general mental abilities that underline performance on cognitive tasks. spatial, numerical, mechanical, and verbal.

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20
Q

sternbergs three intellegence

A

practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence.

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21
Q

practical intellegence

A

the ability to adapt to the environment and achieve goals

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22
Q

creative intellegence

A

the ability to solve problems by coming up with new and original solutions

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23
Q

analytical intellegence

A

includes academic tasks, problem solving abilities, and abstract reasoning.

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24
Q

emotional intellegence

A

perceiving emotions, understanding emotions, managing emotions, and using emotions

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25
Q

achievement tests

A

reflect on what we have learned, (SATS, exams, and competitions)

26
Q

aptitude tests

A

predict ability to learn a new skill

27
Q

issues with iq testing

A

used to cause harm against various social groups, no scientific proof to support inherent genetic differences between social groups. street smarts vs academic smarts

28
Q

what is developmental psych

A

studies physical, cognitive, and social growth across our life span.

29
Q

stages in piagets theory of development

A

sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete stage, formal operational stage,

30
Q

formal operational stage

A

reasoning abstractly, 12+, shift beyond personal experience, hypothetical and theoretical thinking, ethics and morals

31
Q

sensory motor stage

A

experiencing the world through senses, birth-2, lack of object permanence

32
Q

pre-operational stage

A

representing things with words and images, 2-6, pretend play and egocentrism, have object permanence, lack of concervation

33
Q

concrete operational stage

A

thinking logically about concrete concepts, 7-11, empathy starts to form

34
Q

micro system

A

immediate environment of individual. (friends, workplace, school, family)

35
Q

mesosystem

A

interaction of microsystem, school-work balance, friend-family interaction.

36
Q

exosystem

A

systems and setting beyond the individual, relatives workplace, social services, city council

37
Q

macrosystem

A

overarching patterns and beliefs, social norms, laws, cultural beliefs, systems of opression

38
Q

three stages of memory

A

recall, recognition, relearning

39
Q

recall

A

retreive information previously learned with no prompt, open ended questions

40
Q

recognition

A

identify information previously learned, multiple choice

41
Q

implicit memory

A

learned skills or classically conditioned associations

42
Q

explicit memory

A

memory or facts/ experiences one consciously knows.

43
Q

sematic memory

A

general world knowledge

44
Q

episodic memory

A

personally experienced events

45
Q

encoding

A

getting information into memory

46
Q

effortful processing stratagies

A

chunking, mnemonics, hierarchys

47
Q

spacing and testing effects

A

spacing, encoding spread over long period of time, testing, retrieving rather than simply rereading information

48
Q

shallow processing

A

encodes on a basic level (a words letters) or on a more intermediate level (a words sounds)

49
Q

deep processing

A

encodes semantically, based on a words meaning

50
Q

storage

A

retaining encoded information over time

51
Q

retrieval

A

accessing information from memory storage

52
Q

flashbulb memory

A

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

53
Q

context dependant memroy

A

recalling information when the context is the same for encoding and retreival

54
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall the last (recency effect) and first )primacy effect) items in a list

55
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories but recall old ones

56
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall past memories but can form new memories

57
Q

misinformation effect

A

corruption of a memory by misleading information (loftus & palmer, 1974)

58
Q

maslow hierarchy of needs

A

bottom to top of the pyramid: physiological needs (food and water), safety needs (stability and a nice house and good family environment), belongings and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization, self transcendence.

59
Q

affiliation need

A

the need for the feeling of love and acceptance

60
Q

grit

A

perseverance, and the ability to fulfill and have desire to accomplish long term goals.

61
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

preforming or doing well for others or external rewards or to avoid punishment

62
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

preforming for yourself and its own sake.

psychology (5 decks)

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