Psych exam three Flashcards
Dispositional attributions
The tendency to blame people for their attitudes or personality.
situational attributions
when someone explains an event by their situation
The fundamental attribution error
a cognitive bias to blame people based on their personality not taking into the account the situation they may be in
ex. bad drivers
Cognitive dissonance
when someones actions do not align with their beliefs or values
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
getting someone t agree to something larger by first gettin them to agree to something smaller
Central vs. peripheral route persuasion
The central route to persuasion uses facts and information to persuade potential consumers. The peripheral route uses positive association with cues such as beauty, fame, and positive emotions.
Conformity
changing behaviors or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure
Normative Conformity
fitting in to avoid rejection
information influence
accepting other peoples opinions assuming they are right
Prejudice
strong negative attitude towards a group or its members
Proximity and the mere exposure effect
being closer to someone or seeing something more tends to grow attraction
Passionate love vs. companionate love
passionate love: intense and fiery, not healthy all the time
companionate love: deep affectionate love.
Bystander effect
everyone assumes everyone else has it covered
Understand stressor, appraisal, and stress response
understanding what is wrong and what the stressor is, understanding how threatening the stressor is, and then your bodys reaction to the stressor
Catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles
different things that may cause stress.
hurricanes or war, marrige or kids, or simply missing the train
Fight-or-flight theory
stressors effect the sympathetic nervous system, you rither fight, flight, or freeze
General adaptation syndrome
preposed general stress response regardless of stressor
Fight Flight Freeze
Learned helplessness
a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly.
Problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping
addressing problem first vs addressing the emotional response
Types of social support (i.e., instrumental, emotional, and informational)
instrumental- providing material/ physical support
emotional- expressing care, validation, empathy, and love
informational- providing information, advice, and insight
Medical model of psychological disorders
treats mental illnesses like physical illnesses
-diagnosed based on symptoms
-treatment through medication or therapy
biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders
studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
persistant state of fear caused by a variety of factors.
-muscle tension
-trouble sleeping
-fatigue
-trouble concentrating
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unperdictable minute long episodes of intense dread.
-terror
-chest pain
-choking
-shortness of breath
-dizziness
PTSD
mental disorders made from traumatic events or experiences.
-nightmares
-social withdraw
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
unwanted, repetitive thoughts or actions that trigger compulsions
-handwashing
-thoughts of bad things happening
Schizophrenia
Dissociative identity disorder
Eating disorders
Major depressive disorder
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
proposes that our personality is shaped by unconscious desires, conflicts, and experiences from childhood, primarily focused on the interplay between three mental structures
Id
the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.
ego
school of thought that focuses on the ego’s role in controlling impulses, planning, and interacting with the external environment
superego
It’s the ethical component of the personality, and it’s responsible for providing moral standards for the ego to operate by
Humanistic theory of personality
people are inherently good and possess an innate drive to reach their full potential, or “self-actualize,”
Trait theory of personality
individuals have stable, underlying personality traits that differ in strength and intensity, which ultimately determine their behavior and distinguish them from others
introversion
a personality trait characterized by a preference for one’s own inner thoughts and feelings, meaning an introvert tends to gain energy from solitude and quiet time, often preferring to spend time alone rather than in large social gatherings, and may appear more reserved or reflective in social situations.
extroversion
a personality trait that describes a person who is outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around others
Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
Client-centered therapy
a non-directive type of talk therapy that encourages clients to take charge of their therapy sessions
active listening
listening that involves mirroring emotions that are being projected, nodded, agreeing
unconditional positive regard
the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does no matter what is being said there is always a positive or kind response being given
counter conditioning
evoking response incompatible with undesirable behavior to change behavior.
exposure therapy
a type of cognitive behavioral therapy in which your therapist creates a safe environment to expose you to your fears
systematic desensitization
relaxed state+higheraacy of anxiety -triggered stimuli
behavior modification
rewards/ punishments to change behavior (token economy)
Cognitive behavioral therapy goals and techniques
help individuals identify, challenge, and modify negative thinking patterns, ultimately improving emotional regulation and developing coping strategies by addressing the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, allowing people to manage challenging situations more effectively
-cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, exposure therapy, relaxation techniques, thought recording, and problem-solving skills training
