Psychology Exam 3

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Question 2

Spearman’s general intelligence (g)

Answer 2

Charles Spearman believed that we have one general intelligence that underlies all mental abilities.

a person who is able to solve more questions on an aptitude test has a higher intelligence when compared to a person who is able to solve lesser questions

He noted that those who score high in one area typically score high in other areas as well.

General intelligence (g) according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore
measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 3

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: (GHC)

Answer 3

This theory affirmed a general intellectual ability factor. It affirmed the existence of Gf and Gc And it identified more specific abilities, such as reading and writing ability, memory capacity, and processing speed

The CHC theory continues to influence psychologists, because it recognizes that many abilities comprise intelligence, but that these specific abilities exist under a broader umbrella of general intelligence.

Question 4

fluid intelligence

Answer 4

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving novel logic problems—decreases beginning in the twenties and thirties, slowly up to age 75 or so, then more rapidly, especially after age 85

Question 5

crystallized intelligence

Answer 5

ouraccumulated knowledge and verbal skills
•Tends to increase with age
Crystallized intelligence (Gc)—
our accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests—increases up to old age.

Question 6

Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

Answer 6

Howard Gardner proposed eight relatively independent intelligences
(linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodilykinesthetic,
intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist), as well as
a possible ninth (existential intelligence)
Brain damage, for example, may destroy ones ability but leave others intact.

Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Bodily-kinesthetic
naturalistic
math
music
spatial
linguistics
*existential

Question 7

Sternberg’s 3 intelligences

Answer 7

Creative: (trailblazing smarts) ability to generate novel ideas

Analytical: (school smarts) traditional academic problem-solving

Practical: (street smarts) skill at handling everyday tasks

Question 8

Emotional intelligence

Answer 8

the ability to perceive, use, understand, manage, and handle emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.

Question 9

Achievement tests

Answer 9

which are intended to reflect what you have learned. Your final exam will measure what you learned in this class.

Question 10

aptitude tests

Answer 10

which are intended to predict what you will be
able to learn. If you took an entrance exam, it was designed to predict your ability to do college or university work.

Question 11

Intelligence assessments:

Answer 11

An intelligence test assesses an individual’s mental aptitudes and compares them with those of others, using numerical scores

Question 12

Stanford-Binet

Answer 12

**the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original
intelligence test

Alfred Binet who tended toward an environmental explanation of intelligence differences, started the modern intelligence-testing movement in France in the early 1900s when he developed questions to help predict children’s future progress in the Paris school system. Binet hoped that determining the child’s mental age (the age that typically corresponds to a certain level of performance) would help identify appropriate school placements. Binet hoped his test, which measured children’s mental age, would improve their education but feared it might also be used to label children.

During the early twentieth century,Lewis Terman of
Stanford University revised Binet’s work for use in the United States
Terman thought his “Stanford”-Binet could help guide people toward appropriate opportunities, but his belief in an intelligence that was fixed at birth and differed among ethnic groups realized Binet’s fear that intelligence tests would be used to limit children’s opportunities.

Question 13

WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Answer 13

The most widely used intelligence tests today
are the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler’s test for children. These tests differ from their predecessors in the way they offer an overall intelligence score as well as scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and
processing speed.

Question 14

WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Answer 14

Psychologist David Wechsler created what is now the most widely used individual intelligence test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS),
together with a version for school-age children (the
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]), and another for preschool children.

Question 15

Intelligence quotient

Answer 15

IQ tests : defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by
100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average
performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Question 16

Standardization

Answer 16

**defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

The number of questions you answer correctly on an intelligence test would reveal almost nothing. To know how well you performed, you would need some basis for comparison. That’s why test-makers give new tests to a representative sample of people. The scores from this pretested group become the basis for future comparisons. If you then take the test following the same procedures, your score will be meaningful when compared with others. This process is called standardization.

Question 17

Reliability vs. validity

Answer 17

For a test to be reliable, it also needs to be valid. For example, if your scale is off by 5 lbs, it reads your weight every day with an excess of 5lbs. The scale is reliable because it consistently reports the same weight every day, but it is not valid because it adds 5lbs to your true weight.

Question 18

reliability

Answer 18

consistent results (on two halves of the test on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting)is the extent to which a test yields consistent results

Question 19

validity

Answer 19

Is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to A test has predictive validity if it predicts a behavior it was designed to predict**

it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

A test’s validity is established in reference to a specific purpose; the test may not be valid for different purposes. For example, the test you use to make valid predictions about someone’s technical proficiency on the job may not be valid for predicting his or her leadership skills or absenteeism rate

Question 20

Intellectual disability

Answer 20

neurological developmental disorder that is
apparent before age 18 sometimes with a known physical cause…test score of 70 or below

The common types of intellectual disabilities include

Autism

Down syndrome

Fragile x syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome : A genetic disorder that causes obesity, intellectual disability, and shortness in height.

Question 21

Chapter 12

Question 22

Basic Emotions :

Answer 22

Disgust
Happiness
Surprise
Contempt
Anger/Rage
Sadness
Fear
Shame
Guilt

a response of the whole organism involving:

1. physiological-body arousal
2. expressive-behaviors
3. conscious experience resulting from one’s
   interpretations.

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive
behaviors, and, most importantly, (3) conscious experience resulting from one’s
interpretations.

Anger fear disgust sadness and happiness

Question 23

Physiological arousal

Answer 23

body arousal- heart pounding. escalations in blood pressure and rate of respiration and lessened activity of the gastrointestinal system.

Question 24

Expressive behaviors

Answer 24

Quickened pace

Question 25

Conscious Experiences

Answer 25

conscious experience (Is this a kidnapping?) and feelings (panic, fear, joy).resulting from ones interpretations

Question 26

Anger

Answer 26

anger triggers fight each at times an adaptive behavior. Angry outbursts that temporarily calm us may also become reinforcing and therefore habit forming. Anger can harm us, especially when it is chronic. Anger boosts our heart rate increases inflammation** weakening our defenses against disease—and raises our testosterone levels Anger is not always wrong. Used wisely, it communicates strength and competence Anger also motivates people to act courageously and achieve goals. Controlled expressions of anger are more adaptive than either hostile outbursts or pent-up angry feelings. When angered, people do often react assertively rather than hurtfully

Question 27

Happiness

Answer 27

feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood Our state of happiness or unhappiness colors everything. **Happy people perceive the world as safer. Their eyes are drawn toward emotionally positive information. They are more confident and decisive, and they cooperate more easily**. They experience more career success They rate job applicants more favorably, savor their positive past experiences without dwelling on the negative, and are more socially connected. They live healthier and more energized and satisfied lives And they are more generous

Question 28

Evidence-based suggestions for a happier life

Answer 28

Take control of your time Act happy. Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. Buy experiences rather than things Join the “movement” movement Give your body the sleep it wants Give priority to close relationships Focus and find meaning beyond self Challenge your negative thinking Count your blessings and record your gratitude. Nurture your spiritual self

Question 29

How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?

Answer 29

**Stress tends to reduce our immune system’s ability to function properly**, so that higher stress generally leads to greater risk of physical illness.

Question 30

Define stress, appraisal, response

Answer 30

The events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond. **stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging**

Question 31

Type A personality

Answer 31

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for **competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people** Most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered Type A individuals frequently experience negative emotions (anger, impatience), during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream for deposit near the heart and other organs, **increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems** Thus, Type A individuals actually harm themselves by directing anger at others a pattern of behavior and personality associated with high achievement, competitiveness, and impatience

Question 32

Type B personality

Answer 32

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 33

Problem-focused coping

Answer 33

**Addressing the problem directly as a way to eliminate it** problem-focused coping attempting to alleviate stress directly—by **changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor** Example: establish health boundaries

Question 34

emotion-focused coping

Answer 34

Managing your emotional response to a situation instead of trying to solve the problem itself. attempting to alleviate stress by **avoiding or ignoring a stressor**and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. example: getting drunk

Question 35

Internal locus of control

Answer 35

**Believe they control their own destiny. In study after study, the “internals” have achieved more in school and work, acted more independently, enjoyed better health, and felt less depressed than did the “externals”** Internal locus of control means that control comes from within. You have personal control over your own behavior. When you have an internal locus of control, you believe you have personal agency over your own life and actions. Because of this, these people tend to have more self-efficacy. believe that they control their own success or failure; that success or failure is not the result of chance or fate. Individuals with an internal locus of control are believed to be more successful in business and life.

Question 36

External locus of control

Answer 36

the perception that **outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate** defined as the belief or expectation that one's behavior will not lead to valued reinforcement that is available in one's environment; rather, the occurrence of reinforcement is a function of factors out of one's control such as luck, chance, or randomness. Having a high external locus of control would mean that one attributes success or failure to factors outside of their control. **External locus of control is correlated with being less goal-oriented, being more prone to learned helplessness, and ultimately achieving less success.**

Question 37

Promoting good health:

Answer 37

Having a sense of control, developing more optimistic thinking, and building social support can help us experience less stress and thus improve our health. Optimism, social support, aerobic exercise, meditation

Question 38

Chapter 14

Question 39

Personality

Answer 39

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 40

Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure:

Answer 40

id, ego, superego

Question 41

Id

Answer 41

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. **The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification**

Question 42

Ego

Answer 42

the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, **mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality** The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 43

Superego

Answer 43

**the partly conscious** part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and **provides standards for judgment** (the conscience) and for **future aspirations**.

Question 44

**Freud Sexual Stages** Psychosexual stages

Answer 44

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Question 45

Oral Stage`

Answer 45

0-18 What happens at this stage? Children derive pleasure from oral activities, including sucking and tasting. They like to put things in their mouth

Question 46

Anal stage

Answer 46

18-36 months old - Children begin potty training. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Question 47

Phallic stage

Answer 47

3-6 years old- Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Boys are more attached to their mother, while girls are more attached to their father.

Question 48

Latency stage

Answer 48

6-puberty years -A phase of dormant sexual feelings

Question 49

Genital stage

Answer 49

puberty and on Maturation of sexual interests Individuals are attracted to opposite sex peers.

Question 50

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Answer 50

regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. The ego copes by using unconscious defense mechanisms, such as repression, which he viewed as the basic mechanism underlying and enabling all the others.

Question 51

Rationalization

Answer 51

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable.

Question 52

Regression

Answer 52

Retreating to an earlier Regression psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school.

Question 53

Reaction formation

Answer 53

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.

Question 54

Projection

Answer 54

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others “The thief thinks everyone else is a thief” (an El Salvadoran saying).

Question 55

Displacement

Answer 55

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother puts her in a time-out.

Question 56

Denial

Answer 56

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities A partner denies evidence of his loved one’s affair.

Question 57

Projective tests:

Answer 57

TAT, Rorschach inkblot test

Question 58

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 58

the most widely used projective test. Designed by Hermann Rorschach, the test seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots

Question 59

TAT

Answer 59

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 60

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-actualization

Answer 60

self-actualization, which is the highest level or stage in his model of human motivation: the 'Hierarchy of Needs'. According to the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization represents the highest-order motivations, which drive us to realize our true potential and achieve our 'ideal self'. Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization describes the fulfillment of your full potential as a person. Sometimes called self-fulfillment needs, self-actualization needs occupy the highest spot on Maslow's Example: Extrapolating from this quote, we can see self-actualization in examples like: An artist who has never made a profit on his art, but he still paints because it is fulfilling and makes him happy. A woman who finds joy in achieving mastery in a niche hobby.

Question 61

**The Big Five factors**

Answer 61

breaks personality down into five components: Personality tests that are based on this model measure where an individual lies on the spectrum of each of the five traits.

Question 62

Conscientiousness

Answer 62

Conscientiousness is a trait that is commonly associated with awareness. Typically, conscientious people are well organised, demonstrate self-control and can plan their time very well. They are known as great team players and diligent workers. Conscientiousness is the personality trait of being careful, or diligent. Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well, and to take obligations to others seriously. Conscientious people tend to be efficient and organized as opposed to easy-going and disorderly.

Question 63

Agreeableness

Answer 63

Soft hearted trusting helpful-ruthless suspicious and uncooperative

Question 64

Neuroticism, emotional stability vs. instability

Answer 64

Emotional stability or neuroticism is one of the five personality traits of the Big Five personality theory. Emotional stability refers to a person's ability to remain stable and balanced. At the other end of the scale, a person who is high in neuroticism has a tendency to easily experience negative emotions.

Question 65

Openness

Answer 65

how open-minded, imaginative, creative and insightful a person is or can be. More open minded people tend to prefer variety, seek new experiences and are curious and perceptive to their environment.

Question 66

Extraversion

Answer 66

the tendency to focus on gratification obtained from outside the self. Extroverts are characterized by warmth, positivity, gregariousness, and excitement seeking.

Question 67

Stress Tolerance

Question 68

stress

Answer 68

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 69

Health and coping

Answer 69

People deal with stress through the use of several coping strategies: • Problem-focused coping - change the stressor /remove the stressor/ confront your boss give them your needs • Emotion-focused coping- attempting to ignore or avoid the stressor but instead tend to your own emotions. take care of yourself. Going to happy hour after work… getting a massage. Not dealing with the problem directly.

Question 70

Intelligence test

Answer 70

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Question 71

**Stressors**

Answer 71

Catastrophes: large-scale disasters (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes) Significant life changes: personal events or lite transitions (e.g, having a loved one die, divorce, getting married, graduating) Daily hassles: day-to-day challenges (e.g., workplace stress, unreliable childcare, aggravating housemates)

Question 72

Stressors: Daily hassles:

Answer 72

day-to-day challenges (e.g., workplace stress, unreliable childcare,

Question 73

Significant life changes:

Answer 73

personal events or lite transitions (e.g, having a loved one die, divorce, getting married, graduating)

Question 74

Catastrophes:

Answer 74

large-scale disasters (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes)

Question 75

Neuroticism

Answer 75

Many of the most successful people in history have been posthumously identified as neurotics. Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Winston Churchill... Steve Jobs' obsessive micromanagement

Question 76

**ASSESSING UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES**

Question 77

Rorschach inkblot test:

Answer 77

seek to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing It’s not used to diagnose, but is used to get you to open up

Question 78

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):

Answer 78

people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them

Question 79

Psychodynamic

Answer 79

theories that view personality with a focus on the **unconscious** and the importance of **childhood** experiences

Question 80

Humanistic

Answer 80

theories that view personality with a focus on the **potential for healthy personal growth**

Question 81

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 81

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs.  safety higher level

Question 82

Self-actualization

Answer 82

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Question 83

Self-transcendence

Answer 83

striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Question 84

**EVALUATING FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE**

Answer 84

Development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood. Oedipus complex is questioned. Freud's scientific methodology is criticized. Freud's concept of repression is not supported by research.

Question 85

Humanistic

Answer 85

theories focus on our inner capacities for growth and self fulfillmen

Question 86

Irait

Answer 86

theories examine characteristic patterns of behavior.

Question 87

Social-cognitive

Answer 87

theories explore the interactions between people's traits and social context.

Question 88

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 88

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 89

In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction,

Answer 89

as your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. With your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight bac

Question 90

During Phase 2, resistance,

Answer 90

your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump epinephrine and norepinephrine into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. As time passes, with no relief from stress, your body’s reserves begin to dwindle.

Question 91

You have reached Phase 3, exhaustion.

Answer 91

With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death.

Question 92

Trait Theories

Answer 92

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Question 93

Social -Cognitive Perspective

Answer 93

Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Used to assess selected personality traits Results in an objective score.

Question 94

Social-cultural-Influence:

Answer 94

Childhood experiences situation factors cultural expectations social support

Question 95

Psychological Influences

Answer 95

learned responses unconscious thought processes expectations and interpretations

Question 96

Biological Influences

Answer 96

genetically determined temperament autonomic nervous system reactivity brain activity