Final Exam Flashcards

Question

interneurons

Answer 1

neurons **within the brain and spinal cord** they communicate internally and **process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs**

Answer 2

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in **speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments**

Answer 3

lobes the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the **top of the head and toward the rear** receives sensory input for **touch and body position** Parietal Lobe, Right - Damage to this area can cause visuo-spatial deficits (e.g., the patient may have difficulty finding their way around new, or even familiar, places). Parietal Lobe, Left - Damage to this area may disrupt a person's ability to understand spoken and/or written language.

Answer 4

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying **roughly above the ears** includes the **auditory areas** each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. Temporal lobe damage may affect many essential functions including **language comprehension, emotional regulation, and memory** It can also **significantly affect the way we process sensory information and interact with our surroundings** Temporal bone, a very complex bone situated in the side of the skull of most mammals and containing the organ of hearing.

Answer 5

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the **back of the head** includes areas that **receive information from the visual fields**

Answer 6

Nature how genetics influence an individuals personality where as nurture refers to how their environment, relationships, and experiences impacts their development

Answer 7

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Answer 8

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Answer 9

**the period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing** Girls’ slightly earlier entry into puberty can at first propel them to greater height than boys of the same age But boys catch up when they begin puberty, and by age 14, they are usually taller than girls.

Answer 10

the body structures **ovaries, testes, and external genitalia that make sexual reproduction possible**

Answer 11

**non-reproductive sexual traits** such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Answer 12

research that follows and retests the same people over time.

Answer 13

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Answer 14

the stage 0-2 at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. **Object Perm manifests**

Answer 15

2 to 6 which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 16

7 to 11 years cognitive stage which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Conservation the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 17

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. As children approach adolescence, said Piaget, they can ponder hypothetical propositions and deduce consequences: If this, then that. Systematic reasoning, what Piaget called formal operational thinking, is now within their grasp.

Answer 18

parents are coercive. They impose rules and expect obedience: “Don’t interrupt.” “Keep your room clean.” “Don’t stay out late or you’ll be grounded.” “Why? Because I said so.”

Answer 19

parents are un-restraining. They make **few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment.**

Answer 20

parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor- responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.

Answer 21

parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

Answer 22

60% of babies in their caregivers presence, these children play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. When she leaves, they become upset. When she returns, they seek contact with her.

Answer 23

Infant may both **resist and seek contact** with caregiver upon reunion.

Answer 24

Infant **avoids connection with caregiver** and does not seem to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

Answer 25

Observational learning (also called social learning) involves learning by watching and imitating, rather than through direct experience. We learn new behaviors by observing events and watching others.

Answer 26

A learning Process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. Forms association between stimuli. It also involves respondent behavior, automatic responses to stimulus such a salivating response to meet powder and leader in response to a tone. Neutral stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Extinction

Answer 27

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. Pavlov introduced "Ringing the bell"

Answer 28

**AN UNLEARNED AUTOMATIC RESPONSE**A stimulus that unconditionally naturally triggers an (UR)

Answer 29

an unlearned , naturally occurring response such as salivation to and unconditioned stimulus such as food in the mouth,

Answer 30

a learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimuli (CS) . Distinguishing these two kinds of stimuli and responses is easy: Conditioned = learned; unconditioned =unlearned

Answer 31

Salivation in response to a tone, however, is learned. It is conditional upon the dog’s associating the tone with the food. Thus, we call this response the conditioned response (CR)

Answer 32

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 33

**retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness** but that was learned at an earlier time. **A fill-in-the-blank question tests your recall**

Answer 34

identifying items previously learned. **A multiple-choice question tests your recognition**

Answer 35

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. **learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time** **When you review the first weeks of course work to prepare for your final exam** or engage a language used in early childhood, it will be easier to relearn the material than when you first learned it.

Answer 36

is sometimes referred to as **unconscious memory or automatic memory**. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. The performance of implicit memory is enabled by previous experiences, no matter how long ago those experiences occurred. Examples: How to balance, walk, muscle memory

Answer 37

is a conscious memory - a type of long-term memory that's concerned with **recollection of facts and events**. You may also see explicit memory referred to as declarative memory. Explicit memory requires you to consciously recall information. Explicit memories stored in Hippocampus Example: Past events, naming all the animals you saw at the zoo

Answer 38

The infantile amnesia definition is the loss of very early memories. Most people do not remember events from when they were a very young child. For instance, most people would not be able to recall their own first words or first steps

Answer 39

forgetting can occur when the environment during recall is different from the environment you were in when you were learning Have you noticed? Putting yourself back in the context where you earlier experienced something can prime your memory retrieval.

Answer 40

occurs when your mood or physiological state during recall is different from the mood you were in when you were learning

Answer 41

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

Answer 42

A Charles Spearman believed that we have **one general intelligence that underlies all mental abilities.** a person who is able to solve more questions on an **aptitude** test has a higher intelligence when compared to a person who is able to solve lesser questions He noted that those who score high in one area typically score high in other areas as well. General intelligence (g) according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Answer 43

**This theory affirmed a general intellectual ability factor. It affirmed the existence of Gfluid and Gcrystal** And it identified more specific abilities, such as reading and writing ability, memory capacity, and processing speed **The CHC theory continues to influence psychologists, because it recognizes that many abilities comprise intelligence**, but that these specific abilities exist under a broader umbrella of general intelligence.

Answer 44

our ability to **reason speedily and abstractly**, as when solving novel logic problems—decreases beginning in the twenties and thirties, slowly up to age 75 or so, then more rapidly, especially after age 85

Answer 45

our**accumulated knowledge and verbal skills** •Tends to increase with age Crystallized intelligence (Gc)— our accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests—increases up to old age.

Answer 46

The ability to perceive use understand Management handle emotions and positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively empathize with others, overcome challenges and diffuse conflict

Answer 47

Intended to reflect what you have learned your final exam will measure what you have learned in this class

Answer 48

Intended to predict what you will be able to learn if you took an entrance exam it was designed to predict your ability to do college or university work

Answer 49

IQ tests defined originally as a ratio mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 uncontemporary intelligence tests. The average performance for a given age is a signed the score of 100. .

Answer 50

re-testing - Consistency of results

Answer 51

It is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to adjust, has predictive validity. If it predicts behavior, it was assigned to predict.

Answer 52

Take control of your time Act happy. Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. Buy experiences rather than things Join the “movement” movement Give your body the sleep it wants Give priority to close relationships Focus and find meaning beyond self Challenge your negative thinking Count your blessings and record your gratitude. Nurture your spiritual self feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

Answer 53

The events of our lives flow through a psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much stress we experience and how effectively we respond. **stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging**

Answer 54

Most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered Type A individuals frequently experience negative emotions (anger, impatience), during which the sympathetic nervous system diverts blood away from the liver. This leaves fat and cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream for deposit near the heart and other organs, **increasing the risk of heart disease and other health problems** Thus, Type A individuals actually harm themselves by directing anger at others a pattern of behavior and personality associated with high achievement, competitiveness, and impatience

Answer 55

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Answer 56

**Addressing the problem directly as a way to eliminate it** problem-focused coping attempting to alleviate stress directly—by **changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor** Example: establish healthy boundaries

Answer 57

Managing your emotional response to a situation instead of trying to solve the problem itself. attempting to alleviate stress by **avoiding or ignoring a stressor**and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. example: getting drunk

Answer 58

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. **The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification**

Answer 59

the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, **mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality** The ego operates on the **reality principle**, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Answer 60

**the partly conscious** part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and **provides standards for judgment** (the conscience) and for **future aspirations**.

Answer 61

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable.

Answer 62

Retreating to an earlier Regression psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school.

Answer 63

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. **express the opposite of their true feelings** sometimes to an exaggerated extent. For instance, a man who feels insecure about his masculinity might act overly aggressive.

Answer 64

Disguising one’s own threatening **impulses by attributing them to others** “The thief thinks everyone else is a thief” (an El Salvadoran saying)

Answer 65

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. Example: A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother puts her in a time-out.

Answer 66

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities A partner denies evidence of his loved one’s affair.

Answer 67

self-actualization, which is the highest level or stage in his model of human motivation: the ‘Hierarchy of Needs’. According to the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization represents the highest-order motivations, which drive us to realize our true potential and achieve our ‘ideal self’. Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization describes the fulfillment of your full potential as a person. Sometimes called self-fulfillment needs, self-actualization needs occupy the highest spot on Maslow’s Example: Extrapolating from this quote, we can see self-actualization in examples like: An artist who has never made a profit on his art, but he still paints because it is fulfilling and makes him happy. A woman who finds joy in achieving mastery in a niche hobby.

Answer 68

Conscientiousness = how organized you are Agreeableness = how helpful/kind Neuroticisms=how you manage your emotions Extraversion= how sociable Openness=Imaginative, prefers variety, independent

Answer 69

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Answer 70

**the partly conscious** part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and **provides standards for judgment** (the conscience) and for **future aspirations**.