psychology EXAM 2 Flashcards
Which of the following factors does NOT seem to be closely related to happiness?
High self-esteem
Gender
Optimism
Sleeping well
Gender
What state of mind is created when we experience a series of bad events and develop feelings of passive resignation?
Personal control
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness
Matthew believes that no matter how hard he works, there is so much systemic bias against his ethnic group
that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Juan’s thinking MOST clearly demonstrates
Type B personality
External locus of control
Relative deprivation
The adaptation-level phenomenon
External locus of control
Which of these is NOT true of social support?
Social support provides us with the ability to control our impulses
Social support fosters stronger immune functioning
Close relationships give us an opportunity to talk about our problems
Social support calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones
Social support provides us with the ability to control our impulses
Attempting to alleviate stress by addressing emotional needs, rather than facing the stressor directly, is known as
Meditation
Biofeedback
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
Students who expect that they will be able to rebound from a low test score through their own effort and self-discipline MOST clearly demonstrate
the adaptation-level phenomenon
optimism
an external locus of control
the benefits of aerobic exercise
optimism
The field of positive psychology is different from its many other fields in its focus on
Understanding and alleviating negative states
Promoting positive states
Investigating individual opinions of what brings people happiness
Reinforcing positive feelings using operant conditioning approaches
Promoting positive states
Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential as the
need for self-esteem
need to belong
need for self-actualization
needs hierarchy
need for self-actualization
The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the general tendency for optimal performance to be associated with
high arousal
moderate arousal
homeostasis
achievement motivation
moderate arousal
According to the instinct theory, behavior is influenced by:
genetic predispositions
arousal levels
incentives
homeostasis
genetic predispositions
The theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness is called
self-determination theory
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
instinct theory
self-determination theory
_____ motivation is a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.
Belongingness
Achievement
Affiliation
Narcissistic
Achievement
Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by
drive reduction
chain migration
self-actualization
ostracism
ostracism
Margaret gardens and grows flowers each summer because she enjoys it. Margaret’s behavior reflects _____.
ntrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
achievement motivation
affiliation need
intrinsic motivation
Which of these is NOT related to emotions?
subconscious interpretation
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
subconscious interpretation
_____ have demonstrated that some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.
Lazarus and LeDoux
Cannon and Bard
Zajonc and LeDoux
Schachter and Zajonc
Zajonc and LeDoux
To experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal. This theory of emotion was suggested by:
Cannon and Bard
James and Lange
Zajonc and LeDoux
Schachter and Singer
Schachter and Singer
In response to various stressors, _____ increase(s) your heart rate and respiration.
the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system
your thalamus
your adrenal glands
the sympathetic nervous system
According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of these is one of these basic emotions?
boredom
disgust
ecstasy
empathy
disgust
One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that
anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity
polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans
emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal
guilty people are presumed to be innocent in a lie detector test
anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity
Which component of the body is responsible for calming the body after a crisis passes?
The sympathetic division
The insula
The parasympathetic division
The left frontal lobe
The parasympathetic division
When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, _____ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.
socially extraverted
academically successful
athletically skilled
physically abused
physically abused
The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our
facial muscles
hand gestures
body posture
respiration rate
facial muscles
Which of these statements is TRUE about gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior?
Men’s emotionality is typically attributed to their disposition
Women’s emotionality is typically attributed to their circumstances
Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy
Men generally surpass women at reading people’s emotional cues when given “thin slices” of behavior
Women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy
_____ is the best way to describe identification with others and the ability to imagine walking in their shoes.
Sympathy
Apathy
Empathy
Emotion detection
Empathy
People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to
their facial expressions for different emotions, such as sadness or surprise
how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the “A-OK” sign
the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of happiness or disgust
the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger
how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the “A-OK” sign
Activating the muscles involved in smiling may actually make us feel happier. This is an example of (the) _____.
behavior feedback effect
catharsis
facial feedback effect
universal emotion
facial feedback effect
When Maria acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates
the behavior feedback effect
greater emotional expressiveness of women
the facial feedback effect
the effect of mimicking
the behavior feedback effect
The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the
inner ear
outer ear
middle ear
all of the above
inner ear
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as
amplitude
loudness
frequency
pitch
frequency
According to the _____, the spinal cord contains a neurological opening that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.
placebo theory of pain
gate-control theory of pain
biopsychosocial theory of pain
large-fiber theory of pain
gate-control theory of pain
The sense of smell is called
gustation
audition
kinesthesia
olfaction
olfaction
specialized receptors responsible for detecting taste information are known as
Papilla
Gustatory (taste) receptors
Hair cells
Taste buds
Gustatory (taste) receptors
Which taste sensation indicates potential poisons?
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Umami
Bitter
One sense influencing the perception of another sense is known as
sensory interaction
synesthesia
sensory integration
embodied cognition
sensory interaction
Stan has been diagnosed as having a substance use disorder. The therapist explains to Stan that the disorder severity is considered mild. Based on the criteria for rating levels of severity of substance use disorders, Stan would have _____ symptoms.
one or two
two or three
three or four
four or five
two or three
Jamie regularly takes a pain reliever for hip pain. After a few weeks, they notice that they need to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that they take each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Jamie is experiencing is called
tolerance
a behavior addiction
withdrawal
substance use disorder
tolerance
The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels compelled to take a specific drug despite negative consequences is
an altered state
tolerance
neuroadaptation
addiction
addiction
Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by altering
users’ desires
the brainstem
the brain’s chemical message system
users’ expectations
the brain’s chemical message system
The chemical substances that alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception are called
addictions
psychoactive drugs
neuroadaptation hormones
neurotransmitters
psychoactive drugs
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to which category of psychoactive drugs?
hallucinogens
stimulants
tranquilizers
depressants
depressants
What is considered a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen?
LSD
heroin
Ecstasy
Cocaine
Ecstasy
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learning
associative learning
cognitive learning
Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n):
respondent behavior
operant behavior
stimulus
neutral stimulus
stimulus
Long after their conditioned fear of cats had been extinguished, Juan experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when he first met his cousin’s new sphinx cat. Juan’s unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates
spontaneous recovery
generalization
acquisition
associative learning
spontaneous recovery
One of Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how
dogs anticipate and expect events
classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines but not other organisms
an organism can learn to repeat acts followed by good results
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods
Zack repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into their eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n)
unconditioned response
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate
two or more stimuli and anticipate events
a response and its consequence
a neutral stimulus and a reward
something observed and its consequences
two or more stimuli and anticipate events
____________ is the tendency to respond in a similar manner to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization
Acquisition
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
