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psychology 101 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

exam on 3/25

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1
Q

when and why do the process of neural branching, linking and pruning occur? and how are these related to eachother?

A

they all happen after birth and they are all part of the learning process

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2
Q

what have we learned about neuronal development from studying rats in impoverished vs. rich environments?

A

that depending on the environment conditions, depends on how they’ll develop

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3
Q

briefly describe the most universal sequence of motor development in infants.

A

sit -> crawl -> walk -> run

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4
Q

what is infantile amnesia and why does it occur?

A

the inablity to recall memorioes prior to the age of 4; it is caused by rapid neruon growuth disrupting memory circuits

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5
Q

define schemas. how does the process of assimilation and accommodations relate to schema development

A

a schema is a mental famework that organizes and interprets information, a mental shortcut. for exmaple, when a baby figures out how to pick something up.this adds to their knowloage and they know they can pick other things
* assimation and accomodations relate to development because they let children sort different ideas into groups like swimming is a sport

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6
Q

distinguish between Piaget’s 4 stages of development, identify and define key features of each stage, and indicate the age range these stages occur.

A

sensorimoter stage: birth - age 2; learning though senses and actions
pre-operational stage- age 2 unti age 6 or 7; thinkiing with words or images
concrete operational state- age 7-11; logical thinking
formal operatioal stage- age 12+; reasoning though experiences and abstract thinking

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7
Q

describe lev vygotsky’s theory of learning through scaffolding. in which primary way is this different from piaget’s theory?

A

interactions with the social environment contribute to mental growth. Piaget believed interaction with the environment constructed their understanding

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8
Q

summarize the major contributions and criticisms associated with jean piaget’s theory of development. what are some major implications for parenting?

A

piaget identified signifigant cognitve milestones. he believed development is stages rather than ages. implications are that young children are unable to understand adult logic; childrens cognitive development is active, not passive

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9
Q

how does stranger anxiety during social development relate to the process of assimilating schemas?

A

Stranger anxiety results when a child is unable to assimilate the stranger into an existing schema

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10
Q

what are the two features common to all attachment styles, and what have we learned about attachment styles from studying infant monkeys?

A

secure and insecure. there Evolutionarily adaptive and characterized by seeking closeness and experiencing separation distress

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11
Q

compare and contrast secure and insecure attachment styles. how may these affect us later in adulthood?

A

Secure attachment involves feeling confident that caregivers will meet one’s needs, insecure attachment, whether anxious or avoidant, may lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships. this can lead to anxitey and other issues in adulthood

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12
Q

define operant conditioning. how does this appear on an already existing “law of effect” proposed by a contemporary of skinner

A

operant conditioning is learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Built upon the “law of effect”: rewarded behavior tends to recur

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13
Q

compare and contrast operant behavior and respondent behavior

A

Behavior that operates in the environment to
produce rewarding or punishing stimuli and respondent behavior automatic responses to a stimulus

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14
Q

describe the primary features of the operant chamber (aka skinner box)

A

a box, duh lol; a lever/bar; water; and snacks!

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15
Q

compare and contrast reinforcement and punishment. what determines weather an event takes the form of a renforcer or punisher?

A

reinforcement strengthens the behavior and punishment diminishes a behavior. Whether an event is reinforcing or punishing depends on the animal and the context

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16
Q

describe the process of shaping to alter behaviors.

A

shaping is gradually guiding behavior toward a closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior

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17
Q

compare and contrast positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. provide and example of each

A

positive reinforcement adds a stimlus and increases behavior

negative reinfrocment removes a stimuls and increases behavior

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18
Q

compare and contrast positive punishment and negative punishment. provide an example of each

A

postive punishment adds a stimulus and decreases behaior and negative punishment removes a stimulus and decreases a behavior

for example, staying on your phone all night and getting it taken away would be a negative punishment, but a postive punishment would be grounding

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19
Q

describe the major drawbacks associated with physical punishments

A

Punishment can teach fear; Physical punishment does not replace the unwanted behavior

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20
Q

provide one real work example of how operant behavior may shape behavior

A

At work; Rewards have been successfully used to increase productivity and skill development

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21
Q

summerize the primary differences between operant and classical conditioning according to the features on slide 31

A

classical conditioning is learning associations between events we do not control. and operant conditioning is learning associations between our behavior and its consequences.

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22
Q

how is personality defined and measured

A

personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. it is measured through self report

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23
Q

what are the most common personality dimensions identified by eysenck and and eysenck? how did the big five build on these

A

Extraversion–introversion and emotional stability–instability; the big 5 expaned this idea

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24
Q

compare and contrast extroversion and introversion

A

introverts thrive when alone and extroverts thrive with others

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25
Q

based on existing evidence, what can we stay about the stability of personality traits?

A

With age, personality traits become more stable

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26
Q

Describe the social-cognitive perspective. how did Albert bandura famously demonstrate this in the Bobo doll study?

A

Many behaviors are learned through conditioning or by observing and imitating others

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27
Q

compare and contrast self-esteem & self-efficacy. provide an example of each

A

self esteem is Feelings of high or low self-worth and self- efficacy is sense of competence on a task

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28
Q

Identify the positives of high self-esteem and negatives of self-esteem

A

postives to high self esteem is better sleep; More positive outlook; More likeable to others and negatives of self- esteem low self-worth, disparaging towards

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29
Q

generally speaking, how does the self-serving bias help us, and how does it hurt us?

A

Accepting more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes rather than for failures, but narscism occurs

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30
Q

compare and contrast individualistic and collectivistic cultures/ societies

A

individualiic is identity: Personal traits, personal control, individual achievement and collectivistic is group identification: Sense of belonging; set of values; assurance of security

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31
Q

distingush between sex and gender.

A

sex is biologically determined while gender is socially determined

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32
Q

describe simularties and differences across sexes and genders

A

some simularties are that everyone has 46 chormosomes, creativity, intelligence, and some differences are self esteem and puberty age

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33
Q

how does the manisfestation of agressive behaviors differ across sexes

A

men are more physical while women tend to want to ruin a mans social status

34
Q

indicate some ways in which girls/women and boys/men differ in terms of social connectedness.

A

men are more independant, women are more interdependant, women prefer to work with people and men prefer to work with things

35
Q

in what ways (genetically and physiologically) does biology influence gender?

A

Genetically: Males and females have differing sex chromosomes and physiologically: Males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomic differences

36
Q

identify primary and secondary sex characteristics that energy between men and women during physical development during puberty

A

primary sex characteristics: body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible secondary sex characteristics are nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

37
Q

how are gender roles determined, and how do they influence about how individuals express themselves?

A

gender roles are determined by which gender someone identifies as. people can expresses these roles in thier behaviors. (women will do dishes, clean and men will build things, work)

38
Q

describe how gender roles may evolve over time and place. provide an example of these observations

A

gender roles changed as women could join the military, vote and do other male-based acts.

39
Q

what is our gender identity, and through which mechanisms do we learn our own gender identity through life?

A

gender idenity is our personal sense of being make or female, or non-binary.

40
Q

specifically, how does the concept of schema development influence how children learn gender identity?

A

schema developments help children learn gender identity because they associate girl acts with being a girl and boys associate boy acts with being a boy.

41
Q

how does the field of social psychology differ from the field of personality psychology, discussed in module 39?

A

social psychology focuses on situations rather than traits

42
Q

describe the two possible outcomes of assigning behaviors encompassed by the attribution theory. provide an example of each. how might these assumptions contribute to the “fundamental attribution error”

A

disposition attribution & situational attribution

43
Q

provide an example of how attributions (and the fundamental attribution error) may have real-world impacts

A

seeing a coworker show up late when they are on time everyday. you might assume there lazy and think of them differently

44
Q

compare and contrast the perpheral route and central route persuasion

A

peripheral route occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues and central route persuasion occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

45
Q

describe the foot-in-the-door phenomoneon. how does this illustrate the way in which actions can affect attitude

A

people to be more likely to agree to a larger request after they have already agreed to a smaller, related request.

46
Q

describe zimbardos prison theoy, and how it demostrates the possibility of role playing affecting attidue

A

in Zimbardo’s prison theory, they wanted to test if a person’s role would influence their behavior. 24 college students. it demonstrates the role-playing aspect to affect attitudes by the roles of guards. guard will abuse prisoners and that’s what happened on a few occasions in the experiment (from the video)

47
Q

what is cognitive dissonance theory, and what kinds of things may we do to resolve cognitive dissonace when it’s experienced

A

cognitive dissonance theory is when we realize that our attitudes and actions are incompatible, we experience tension. to relive this, we’ll align our attitudes with our actions

48
Q

genreally spreaking, what is a norm and how does it influence behavior? produve an example.

A

a norm is rules for expected and acceptable behavior, like greeting people when you see someone

49
Q

what is conformity? describe some ways in which we may conform socially according to suggestibility and natural mimicry principles

A

conformity means to comply with. we may confirm socially according to suggestibility, chameleon effect; and the natural mimicry principles, empathy

50
Q

what was the primary take-away from asch’s conformity experience

A

that the more people say one thing, more will follow. (think of the time experiment)

51
Q

distinguish between normative and informational social influence.

A

normative social influence is to confirm to rejection or to gain approval. informationaly social influence is to accept others opinions about reality

52
Q

under what conditions is confirmity more likely to occur

A

when they know someone in the group is watching

53
Q

describe and provide an example of each: social facilitation, social loafing, and deindiviudation

A

social facilitation is when others presence strengthens our response. example, you’ll throw a softball better if people are watching; social loafing is when more people are in a group, youll exert less effort. example, tug of war. if thered 3 on each side you’ll use less effort than if it was 1 one each side. deindividuation is losing both self-awareness and self-setrant at once. example is when you see everyone jumping at a concert and you join

54
Q

when does groupthink occur, how many it result in dangerous outcomes, and how could it be mitigated

A

groupthink occurs when ur in a group and decisions override creativity. (when people just agree and dont think about it)

55
Q

Define prejudice and identify the three key components comprising prejudice.

A

prejudice is an unjustifiable and usually a negative attitude toward a group and its members; it’s 3 components are negative emotions, stereotyping and predisposition to discriminate

56
Q

Compare and contrast explicit and implicit prejudices. Provide an example of each.

A

explicit prejudices are clear awareness and implicit prejudices are unthinking responses.

57
Q

How have some major targets experienced changing degrees of explicit or implicit prejudices over time?

A

racism, homophobia, sexism

58
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon, and how does it contribute to the development of an ingroup, an outgroup, and ingroup bias?

A

good is rewarded and bad is punished.

59
Q

What is the scapegoat theory, and how is this related to the development of ingroup and outgroup conditions?

A

scape goat theory is when something bad happens and we blame someone else.

60
Q

How does the generation of observable categories contribute to the occurrence of outgroup homogeneity?

A

Outgroup homogeneity bias refers to the tendency for individuals to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than they really are, while perceiving members of their own ingroup as more diverse.

61
Q

Briefly describe how the availability heuristic may contribute to prejudices.

A

tendency for individuals to rely on information that is readily available or easily recalled when making judgments or decisions. for example; Muslims and terrorism. not all Muslims are terrorist

62
Q

In what ways does victim blaming result in unintentional prejudice?

A

victim blaming happens unconciously.

63
Q

what are the 3 primary ingredients required for attraction to develop?

A

proximity, physical attractiveness and similarity

64
Q

Describe the mere exposure effect, and how it applies to ourselves in addition to other stimuli in our environment.

A

the more you’re exposed to a new stimuli, the more you like them

65
Q

What is the reward theory of attraction, and how does it apply to each of the three ingredients of attraction?

A

the reward theory of attraction is that we like people who are rewarding to us. this applys to attraction because it makes people feel good

66
Q

Compare and contrast passionate love and companionate love.

A

passionate love starts at the beginning of the relationship and its aroused state of intense positive absorption in another person. companionate love is Deep, affectionate attachment

67
Q

How is the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion related to passionate love?

A

when you see a partner, you’ll get happy and want to be around them

68
Q

Describe equity and self-disclosure, and how these components contribute to the sustainability of companionate love.

A

equity is when both partners give and receive equally and self-disclosure is revealing intimate details about ourselves; breeds liking. these contrbibute to compassionate love because it allows a couple to grow an attachment

69
Q

How did the Kitty Genovese case from 1964 inform our understanding of (or interest in) what is commonly referred to as the “bystander effect”?

A

that a lot of people won’t help depending on the situation.

70
Q

Which steps are required for someone to offer help to someone else in need? How does the presence of others impact whether help is offered?

A

Before helping, one must first notice an emergency, then correctly interpret it, and then feel responsible

71
Q

According to existing evidence, which factors seem to strongly contribute to the likelihood that a person will help someone else in need?

A

We have just observed someone else being helpful, when were not in a hurry, or the person looks like they need help

72
Q

What kinds of physical changes can we observe in middle-adulthood, and how drastic do these changes tend to be?

A

muscular strength, reaction time., sensory keenness, cardiac output. and these decline slowly

73
Q

How do reproductive and sexual changes trend in general?

A

gradual decline in fertility and less sexual activity

74
Q

Describe the key physical changes observed in late adulthood, including the somewhat paradoxical observation related to immune system changes.

A

decrease in muscle strength, stamia, vison, sense of smell, hearing and touch and weakened immune system

75
Q

Which factors influence the strength of our memory as we age?

A

the type of infomaton, meaninfulness, and comprehension

76
Q

How does our ability to recognize new information change with age, and how does this compare to the changes observed in our ability to recall new information?

A

your memory slowly declines. this comapres to our ability to recall new information because our memory slowly gets better

77
Q

What is the driving theory behind apps such as Lumosity, and what is the main take-away we’ve learned from data generated from these approaches?

A

that programs like this have shown imporved scores on trained tasks

78
Q

Which factors tend to influence the occurrence of a midlife crisis most strongly?

A

your social clock, or realizing your gonna die at some point

79
Q

What is the “social clock” and what is an example of how this changes over time?

A

the cultural timeline for important social milestones of a person’s life and this is virtually anything that people commonly do throughout their lives.

80
Q

Identify the two basic aspects of adult life, and how these may be considered evolutionarily adaptive.

A

love; intimacy; monogamous and work; generatively

81
Q

Indicate three evidence-based findings related to the occurrence of death and the experience of dying.

A

biology, psychology and social culture

82
Q

Define altruism and comment on your opinion of the likelihood of the existence of true altruism.

A

Altruistic individuals typically prioritize the needs and well-being of others over their own self-interest. i think this does exist becausei personally feel happier when i help people

psychology 101 (5 decks)

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