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BIO 410 > Psychology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

basic unit of cell communication ;highly specialized and transmits electrical and chemical signals

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2
Q

sensory neuron

A

conveys info from the senses/environment to the brain

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3
Q

Motor neurons

A

responsible for info going to/from muscles and glands

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4
Q

mirror neuron

A

activated by watching other peoples actions; allows us to feel what other people are thinking

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5
Q

Interneurons

A

communicate between neurons

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6
Q

neuroscience

A

study of the nervous system

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7
Q

3 basic components of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites,axon

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8
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

contains neuron’s nucleus and determines if it will fire

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9
Q

Dendrites (little trees)

A

receive info from other cell and deliver it to the cell body

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10
Q

axon (axle)

A

conducts impulses away from cell body and transmits them to other neurons

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11
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty covering wrapped around axons like sausage links to help increase communication speed and protect axon

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12
Q

glial cells (most abundant cell in the brain) 4

A

glue of the brain; provide support, nutrients, remove debris and make myelin

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13
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

divits on myelin sheath that divide it onto segments and allow signals to “jump” through the axon

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14
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

degeneration of the myelin sheath

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15
Q

Action potential

A

electrical impulse; sodium potassium across axon membrane; ion channels (sodium in to make + and potassium out to make - again)

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16
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neurons

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17
Q

stimulus threshold

A

minimum level of stimulation to activate neuron

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18
Q

Communication between neurons switches from_____ to____

A

electrical to chemical

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19
Q

synapse

A

point of communication between two nerves

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20
Q

synaptic gap

A

space between axon of one nerve and dendrite of another

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21
Q

axon terminals

A

branches at the end of an axon

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22
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny pouches in terminal that contain neurotransmitters

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers made by the neuron

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24
Q

synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitters crossing the synaptic gap to receptor site of a dendrite

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25
Q

reuptake

A

recycling of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neuron

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26
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contractions, learning, and memory (Alzhiemers)

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter responsible for movement, thought processes, and rewarding sensation (Drugs, parkinsons, and schizophrenia)

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

emotional states, sleep, sensory perception (depression)

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29
Q

Endorphines

A

pain perception, positive emotions (opioid addiction)

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30
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to receptor sites

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31
Q

antagonist

A

blocks receptor sites

32
Q

Central nervous system

A

nervous system containing brain and spinal cord

33
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

all potions of nervous system that are connected to the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple automatic behaviors that occur without any brain involvement

35
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

(aka skeletal nervous system; voluntary) part of PNS that communicates sensory info to the CNS and carries motor messages from the CNS to the muscles

36
Q

Autonomic

A

part of PNS that regulates involuntary function (organs)

37
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

part of ANS; rapid reflexes/ fight or flight response/ prepare for an emergency

38
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

part of ANS; maintains normal body functions and conserves physical resources

39
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Gall: different bumps of the brain performed different tasks (pseudoscience)

40
Q

Localization of Function

A

specialization of different areas of the brain for particular function

41
Q

Endocrine system

A

system of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones

42
Q

hormones

A

chemical messages secreted into the blood stream

43
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates production of hormones by other glands

44
Q

functional plactisity

A

brains ability to move functions from damaged area to working ones

45
Q

structural plasticity

A

brains ability to change shape as it develops

46
Q

neurogenesis

A

development of new neurons

47
Q

Hindbrain

A

(reptilian brain) coordinates info coming in and out of the spinal cord; primitive part of brain

48
Q

medula

A

H: controls vital life functions; coordinates heart and breathing

49
Q

Pons

A

H: connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum

50
Q

cerebellum (little brain)

A

H: coordination, balance, muscle tone, habitual movements (riding a bike)

51
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

dense network of neurons at the core of the brain; regulates sleep

52
Q

Midbrain

A

smallest part of the brain; orientation and movement as well as processing auditory and visual info

53
Q

tectum (roof)

A

orients and organism towards stimuli

54
Q

tegmentum

A

pleasure seeking and motivation

55
Q

Substantia nigra

A

responsible for reward, addiction, and fluidity of movement

56
Q

forebrain (cerebral cortex)

A

largest and most complex part of the brain; higher order functions and emotions

57
Q

gyri

A

raised part of the brain

58
Q

sulci

A

indentations on the surface of the brain

59
Q

corpus collosum

A

thick band of axons that connects the two halves of the brain

60
Q

Temporal lobe

A

located near your temples; responsible for auditory functions, memory

61
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of the brain; visual info

62
Q

Frontal lobe

A

voluntary movements, thinking, planning, and emotional control

63
Q

Association cortex

A

process sensory and motor info from your body

64
Q

Somatosensory

A

eating, temperature, pain

65
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

where most body movements are initiated

66
Q

The Limbic System

A

critical for learning, memory, emotions; area of forebrain under the cerebral cortex

67
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system; forming new memories and learning

68
Q

Thalamus (inner chamber)

A

process sensory info except smell and relays it to the cerebral cortex; thought to also be involved with awareness and motivation

69
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates survival related behaviors such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, fear, aggression; also controls the pituitary gland and regulates hormone secretion

70
Q

amygdala

A

emotions, especially fear; forming strong emotional memories

71
Q

Brocas area

A

left hemisphere; responsible for speech

72
Q

Wernickle area

A

left; understanding language or words

73
Q

lateralization of function

A

certain cognitive functions are processed on one side of the brain

74
Q

Aphasia

A

partial or complete inability to understand spoken or written language

75
Q

Right Half of brain

A

nonverbal emotional information, creativity, music

76
Q

Left half of brain

A

language, reading, speech, writing

77
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell, located in frontal lobe w/ memory

BIO 410 (5 decks)

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