Chapter 2: Molecules of Life

Question 1

3 parts of an atom

Answer 1

potion +, electron -, neutron

Question 2

Isotopes

Answer 2

atoms of the same element with a different # of neutrons

Question 3

Ions

Answer 3

charged atoms
loss of election +
gain of electron -

Question 4

Electronegativity

Answer 4

ability for atoms to attract to each other. electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

groups of 2 or more atoms

Question 6

chemical bond

Answer 6

any form of attraction between atoms

Question 7

Covalent bond

Answer 7

chemical bond formed by shared pair of electrons

Question 8

Ionic bond

Answer 8

attraction of 2 atoms b/c of opposite charges

Question 9

polar and non polar covalent bonds

Answer 9

polar: bonds do not share electrons equally

non polar: Electronegativity between atoms very similar; do not mix well with water, good for body

Question 10

2 uses of chemical bonds

Answer 10

build/break down bonds, hold/release energy

Question 11

polar

Answer 11

molecule w/ + and - parts

Question 12

solvent

Answer 12

liquid capable of dissolving a substance

Question 13

hydrophobic effect

Answer 13

exclusion of polar and non polar molecules

ex) oil on top of water

Question 14

Hydrogen bond

Answer 14

an interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electro negative atom

Question 15

3 properties of water from hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

Water expands and becomes less dense when it freezes, cohesion, regulates body temperature

Question 16

What is pH?

Answer 16

Measure of the proton concentration H+

Question 17

Isomers

Answer 17

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

Question 18

proteins

Answer 18

key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell, provide support, and catalyze chemical reactions

Question 19

nucleic acids

Answer 19

polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information

Question 20

carbohydrates

Answer 20

organic molecule that provides energy for metabolism and forms the starting point for all other organic molecules

Question 21

lipid

Answer 21

organic molecule that stores energy, acts as a signaling molecule, and makes up the cell membrane

Question 22

polymers

Answer 22

complex molecule made up of repeated similar units covalently bonded

Question 23

amino acids

-structure

Answer 23

building block of proteins

-central carbon, hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, and r group (side chain)

Question 24

sugar

Answer 24

saccaride; simplest form of carbohydrate

Question 25

fatty acid

triglycerol

Answer 25

long chain of carbon attached to a carboxyl group used for storage, 3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol

Question 26

functional group

Answer 26

groups of one or more atoms that give certain properties of their own regardless of what they are attached to.

Question 27

Functional group examples

Answer 27

amino (-NH2)
carboxyl (-COOH)
hydroxyl (-OH)
methyl (-CH3) non polar

Question 28

enzymes

Answer 28

proteins that function as catalysts for chemical reactions

Question 29

R group

Answer 29

determine identity of the amino acid

Question 30

peptide bond

Answer 30

covalent bond that links two AA’s (releases H2O)

Question 31

pyrimidine

Answer 31

single ringed bases:
C-cytosine
T-thymine
U-uracil

Question 32

purine

Answer 32

bases w/ double ring structures
G-guanine
A-adenine

Question 33

phosphodiester bond

Answer 33

bond that forms when two nucleotides bond together covalently; phosphate to sugar

Question 34

glycosidic bond

Answer 34

covalently bonds 2 monosaccharides together; releases H2O

Question 35

Lipids

Answer 35

share a property not a structure, hydrophobic; very little oxygen

Question 36

saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 36

saturated: max number of hydrogen atoms on carbon chain; fatty acids that contain all single bonds
unsaturated: fatty acid chain with one or more double bonds

Question 37

phospholipid

Answer 37

makes up cell membrane

Question 38

Building blocks of life

Answer 38

water vapor, methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas