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BIO 410 > Chapter 3: Nucleic Acids + Transcription > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Nucleic Acids + Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

4 Functions of Nucleic Acids

A
  1. Forms LONG LINEAR polymers for encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information
  2. Energy exchange: ATP + GTP
  3. Metabolic regulation
  4. Catalytic
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2
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology/DNA?

A

DNA is translated into RNA which is transcribed into proteins

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3
Q

Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell? Transcription? prokaryotes?

A

Euk: Translation: nucleus
Transcription: Cytoplasm by ribosomes
Prok: both cytoplasm

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4
Q

Transformation

A

the conversion of cells from one state to another

ex) nonvirulent to virulent

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5
Q

mutation

A

any change in genetic material to the nucleotide sequence of a gene

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6
Q

What are nucleotides 3 components?

A

5-carbon sugar, base (AGTC), one or more phosphate group (Ionized)

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7
Q

Difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: sugar and base w/o phosphate group
Nucleotide: has one of more phosphate groups

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8
Q

What are the prime numbers on a strand of nucleotides?

A

5 prime, top phosphate end

3 prime, bottom hydroxyl on sugar

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9
Q

Who were the scientists that discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Charles Watson and Crick

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10
Q

What does complementary mean?

A

Base pairs line up equally. Equal number of opposite bases

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11
Q

How does DNA coil itself and what helps it?

A

DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones which are them supercoiled to create chromatin. Only happens during cell division. Helped by enzyme topoisomerase

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12
Q

RNA World Hypothesis

A

RNA was probably the original storage molecule for cell info before DNA

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13
Q

3 Functions of RNA

A

catalyst, DNA replication, transcription and translation

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14
Q

Difference in DNA and RNA sugar

A

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose (has 2 hydroxyl groups on bottom of sugar)

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15
Q

RNA bases

A

A, U (uracil), G, C

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16
Q

Anti parallel

A

DNA strands run opposite each other from 5’-3’ and 3’-5’

17
Q

5’ end of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: monophosphate
RNA: triphosphate (ATP)

18
Q

How is transcription initiated?

A

Promoter (TATA box) TATAAA

19
Q

RNA Transcript

A

RNA sequence synthesized from DNA template

20
Q

Where does the first nucleotide to be transcribed? Why?

A

25 bases away from promoter; to make room for RNA polymerase (Pol II) and Transcript factors

21
Q

When does transcription end?

A

When it hits the terminator sequence

22
Q

Housekeeping gene

A

Continually transcribed gene because the cell always needs the protein

23
Q

What carries out promoter recognition on Prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

A

Pro: sigma factor
Euk: transcript factor

24
Q

4 parts of Transcription bubble

A

Pol II, Transcript factors, Mediator complex, Transcriptional activator proteins bonded to enhancer sequence

25
Q

What happens when 2 RNA base pairs bond together?

A

2 phosphates pop pff creating pyrophosphate group (PPi). PPi gets cleaved into two separate phosphates Pi and Pi.

26
Q

What is the function of transcript factors?

A

help guide the Pol II to the binding site

27
Q

RNA-DNA dulex

A

where DNA and RNA attach

28
Q

Elongation

A

process in translation where AA’s are added one by one to a growing peptide chain

29
Q

Monosystronic, Polysystronic

A

Euk: mono: codes for one protein
Pro: poly: codes for more than one protein

30
Q

What must RNA go through after transcription?

A

Chemical modifications; pass through the nuclear membrane

31
Q

Introns and Exons

A

Introns: pieces of data that code for nothing
Eons: data that codes for something

32
Q

Nuclease

A

enzyme that degrades loose nucleotides

33
Q

What two things help stabilize mRNA?

A

polyadenylation on 3’ end (repeating A bases) and the 5’ cap (upside down 7-methylguanosine)

34
Q

RNA splicing

A

cutting out of introns and reconnection of exons by splicosome

35
Q

Alternate splicing

A

One strand of RNA being spiced into two different ones that code for 2 different proteins. More efficient for the body

36
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

found in all ribosomes that aid translation

37
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

carries individualized amino acids for use in translation

38
Q

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

found in eukaryotes; used for splicing, polyadenylation, and and other things in nucleus

39
Q

Small regulatory RNA (srRNA)

2 of them!

A

microRNA: cleave, disable, inhibit translation

small interfering RNA: double stranded RNA that destroys single stranded RNA

BIO 410 (5 decks)

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