psychology ch 1-4

Question 1

what are the types of sampling procedures

Answer 1

• convenience sampling
• Random sampling
• stratisfied sampling (eliminates certain variable)

Question 2

Name each of the experimental designs

Answer 2

• Repeated measures
• matched participants
• independent groups

Question 3

Explain the placebo effect

Answer 3

Refers to the participants behavior being influenced by their expectations o how they should behave

Question 4

Define consciousness

Answer 4

Consciousness can be defined at the awareness of our own thoughts, feelings, perceptions and surroundings at any given moment.

Question 5

What does William James believe consciousness is?

Answer 5

• Continuous
• Personal
• Selective

Question 6

give the order of the continuum of awarness

Answer 6

Total awareness
Focused attention
Ordinary wakefulness
Daydreaming
Meditation
Hypnosis
Sleep
Anaesthetised
Coma
Total lack of awareness

Question 7

Name and explain the characteristics of ASC

Answer 7

Level of awarness- may be increased or decreased during compared to NWC. However we most often loose or awareness is lowered during ASC

Content limitation- Usually reduced ability to process information and to control what we say to certain people.

Controlled and Automatic processes- Less able to preform both controlled and automatic processes, but some auto processes like walking may be able to do.

Perceptual and cognitive distortions- perception (including pain) may be altered. Memory processes may be disrupted or distorted. thinking is disorganized and less logical

Emotional awareness- less control of emotions

Self-control- less control over actions and movements

Time orientation- Distorted sense of time, speed up or slow down.

Question 8

Why is day dreaming considered to be an ASC

Answer 8

can choose:

• Lowered level of awareness
• Fewer content limitations
• Difficulty preforming controlled processes
• perceptual and cognitive distortions
• changes in self-control
• diminishing time-orientation

Question 9

Why is alcohol induced state considered to be an ASC

Answer 9

can choose:

• changes in emotional awareness
• decreases self control
• time orientation diminishes
• lowered level of awareness
• more or less content limitations
• difficulty performing controlled processes
• likely perceptual and cognitive distortions

Question 10

what type of brain waves do we see in stage one of NREM sleep

Answer 10

alpha and some theta

Question 11

what type of brain waves do we see in stage 4 of NREM sleep.

Answer 11

Just delta waves

Question 12

what type of brain waves do we see in REM sleep

Answer 12

Beta-like and sawtooth waves

Question 13

what are sleep spindles and k-complexes and what stage do they occur?

Answer 13

sleep spindles are short rapid bursts of brain activity at high frequency, k-complexes are sudden high amplitude waves. Both of these features occur in stage 2 of NREM sleep.

Question 14

how does Heart rate, Breathing rate, Muscle tension and Body temperature react through the stages of sleep?

Answer 14

All of which slowly decrease through each stage however they seem to stabilize around stage 3 of NREM sleep.

Question 15

What is the hypnagogic state?

Answer 15

Hypnagogic state is the transition from being awake to falling asleep and is where our eyes roll back and start to get droopy, alpha waves are present here.

Question 16

True sleep is believed to begin at what stage?

Answer 16

Stage 2 of NREM sleep

Question 17

Sleepwalking, Night terrors, sleep talking and bed wetting may occur in this stage.

Answer 17

Stage 4 of NREM sleep.

Question 18

What is a special feature of stage 1 NREM sleep?

Answer 18

hypnic jerks. These are involuntary muscle spasms that occurs during our sleep.

Question 19

what is the state where we are transitioning from sleep to waking up?

Answer 19

Hypnopompic state

Question 20

what is a hypnic jerk and when does it occur?

Answer 20

involuntary muscle twitches that cause us to jolt, usually experienced in early at Stage 1 NREM sleep.

Question 21

What is the the method of recording sleep that detects amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain? and what do they produce?

Answer 21

the electroencephalograph and it produces electroencephalograms. (brain waves)

Question 22

What does the electro-oculargraph do?

Answer 22

The electro-oculargraph detects amplifies and records electrical activity in the MUSCLES surrounding the eye.

Question 23

what does the electromyograph do?

Answer 23

Detects amplifies and records electrical activity in the muscles of the body

Question 24

What readings would show on an electro-oculargraph during REM sleep

Answer 24

Very rapid movement. High amplitude and frequency.

Question 25

what is Muscle paralysis or atonia? and what stage of sleep does it occur in?

Answer 25

This is where the muscles in our body are paralysed so they can move because we are in REM sleep so we are dreaming and the mind is very active.

Question 26

What are some physiological indicators of sleep?

Answer 26

Heart rate, Body temperature, Galvanic skin response(GSR)

Question 27

What measures heart rate?

Answer 27

Electrocardiograph

Question 28

What is Galvanic skin response?

Answer 28

GSR is a physiological response that measure the electrical conductivity of the skin.

Question 29

What is one advantage and disadvantage of a sleep laboratory?

Answer 29

- Is a controlled environment | - Unnatural, may alter sleeping patterns

Question 30

What is one advantage and disadvantage of video monitoring?

Answer 30

- if taken at the individuals home, the sleeper feels more relaxed and natural which will provide more accurate data - Data may be difficult to interpret as some sleep behaviours may not be a clear definition to observer.

Question 31

What is one advantage and disadvantage of self-reports?

Answer 31

- gives an insight to how the participant is actually thinking, feeling and the behaviours they may of experienced - Some events or experiences may be difficult to convey on paper and therefore makes it difficult to interpret.

Question 32

Why is sleep an altered state of consciousness?

Answer 32

can choose: - level of awareness - perceptual and cognitive distortions - less self control - distorted time orientation

Question 33

explain the survival theory of sleep

Answer 33

Suggests we sleep to protect the individual from harm thus enhancing the survival of the species. - We sleep at night because we are not searching or used to consuming food at that time - Sleep at night so we are protected from its dangers like getting hit by a car or getting attacked since we don't have superior night vision

Question 34

What are some criticisms of the survival theory?

Answer 34

- Does not explain why we sleep, All species need to sleep despite the amount of food of danger they are in. - We are more vulnerable to predators during sleep as we have a lower awrness

Question 35

Explain the restorative theory of sleep

Answer 35

Suggests that sleep allows us to recharge our bodies from physical activity and psychological activity during the day.

Question 36

give some supportive evidence and some criticisms of the restorative theory.

Answer 36

- Marathon runners spent 90 minutes longer and double their NREM (replenish body) sleep after running a marathon - The assumption that the body rests during sleep, The brain is as active as we are in NWC during REM sleep which makes energy expenditure.

Question 37

State the 8 steps of the scientific method.

Answer 37

1. Identify the area of research and form an aim 2. collect information 3. Identify research question and formulate hypothesis 4. Design a research method to test the hypothesis 5. collect and analyse data 6. draw a conclusion 7. report findings 8. test the conclusion

Question 38

What is a way to eliminate order effects in repeated measures design?

Answer 38

counter balancing- Where the conditions for the control and experimental group are placed in different sequence to identify any order affects.

Question 39

The purpose of using different experimental designs is to try to reduce the influence of confounding variables, but each design may have its own problems. The problem of the sample becoming biased because of a change in the characteristics of the sample during the research is greatest in which design? a repeated measures b independent groups c matched pairs d independent measures.

Answer 39

a) repeated measures

Question 40

Later in the year, another researcher wishes to do further research and feels that the data collected by Professor Plum will be useful. The kind professor gives his colleague a list of the students and the data they collected. Which further ethical consideration(s) of participant rights has/have now been violated? a voluntary participation in research b informed consent from participants c confidentiality of participant information d both informed consent and confidentiality of participant information.

Answer 40

d) both informed consent and confidentiality of | participant information.

Question 41

Professor Peabrain is researching the effects of increased vitamin intake through drinking carrot juice on the functioning of the rods in the eye. He gives his experimental group 125 ml of carrot juice each day while he gives the control group carrot juice that has been boiled and cooled so that the vitamins are inert. The purpose of the control group in this experiment is to: a show the effects of the independent variable b control or eliminate the effects of participant variables c form a basis for comparison with the experimental group d show the effects of the dependent variable.

Answer 41

c form a basis for comparison with the | experimental group

Question 42

Which of the following is unlikely to be true for a person in a (heightened awareness) altered state of consciousness? a The person may find it difficult to judge the passage of time with accuracy. b The person may be more sensitive to noise than in normal waking consciousness. c The person may be more (or less) emotional than they are when in normal waking consciousness. d The person may find that they are paying selective attention to several automatic processes.

Answer 42

d. The person may find that they are paying selective attention to several automatic processes.

Question 43

Johannes is sitting in class, trying to listen to what the teacher is saying but he is also aware that he is feeling warm in the sunshine, he is looking forward to a game of tennis after school, the new girl in the row in front of him has sparkling highlights in her hair and the chair he’s been sitting in for the double lesson has a hard seat! Johannes is most likely experiencing: a normal waking consciousness. b an altered state of consciousness showing reduced awareness. c an altered state of consciousness showing heightened awareness. d distortions of cognition and perception.

Answer 43

b an altered state of consciousness showing | reduced awareness.

Question 44

The best physiological measure to use to examine whether a person meditating had entered an altered state of consciousness would be: a an EEG. b an EOG. c body temperature. d galvanic skin response.

Answer 44

a an EEG.

Question 45

Which of the following statements supports the survival theory of sleep? a Animals that are less susceptible to predators and require less time to forage for food tend to sleep for longer periods than those that are more susceptible and need more time to find food. b Animals with higher metabolic rates need more sleep than those with a lower metabolism. c Growth hormone is released during stages 3 and 4 sleep and this aids growth. d Sleeping enhances m

Answer 45

a