pe ch 4

Question 1

What are acute responses?

Answer 1

they are immediate responses to exercise.

Question 2

what are the three systems that respond to exercise

Answer 2

• respiratory
• cardiovascular
• muscular

Question 3

What are the respiratory responses to exercise

Answer 3

• increase ventilation
• increase tidal volume(plateaus at higher intensities)
• increase respiratory rate
• increase in diffusion

Question 4

what is the aim of respiratory responses?

Answer 4

to get more oxygen in the body.

Question 5

what is ventilation and how to we find its value?

Answer 5

Ventilation is the amount of air breathed in one minute

tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 6

What is respiratory rate?

Answer 6

respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken in one minute.

Question 7

What is tidal volume?

Answer 7

tidal volume is the amount of air taken in one breath.

Question 8

what happens to tidal volume as intensity increases?

Answer 8

tidal volume will plateau.

Question 9

What are the cardio vascular responses to exercise?

Answer 9

• increase in HR
• increase in stroke volume
• increase in cardiac output
• increase in systolic blood pressure (greater with high intensity)
• no change in diastolic blood pressure
• increase in venous return
• decrease in blood volume
• increase in a-VO2 difference

Question 10

what is diffusion?

Answer 10

Diffusion is the exchange if gas between alveoli to the capillaries in the lungs or vise versa.

Question 11

what is stroke volume(SV)

Answer 11

SV is the amount of blood ejected by the heart each beat

roughly around 70 ml at rest

Question 12

what happens to SV at submaximal exercise, and why?

Answer 12

it will then decrease because HR is so fast it does not have enough time to fill and eject blood.

Question 13

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 13

HR x SV- the amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute.

Question 14

what is systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 14

systolic- pressure in the arteries as the heart beats

diastolic- pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes

Question 15

why does blood volume decrease with exercise?

Answer 15

This is because of the loss of plasma content via sweat, thus the rate of loss is dependent on the hydration of the individual

Question 16

why does venous return increase with exercise?

Answer 16

Because the muscles are contracting at a higher rate with exercise, this will force venous return to increase as the veins force more blood back to the heart.

Question 17

why does AVO2 diff increase with exercise?

Answer 17

This is because the muscles will consume more oxygen during exercise meaning there will be less o2 in the veins.

Question 18

what is the percentage of blood muscles get during exercise

Answer 18

84%

Question 19

What are the muscular responses to exercise?

Answer 19

• increase in motor unit recruitment
• increase in blood flow to working muscles
• increase in body temp
• decrease in ATP, CP, Glycogen and triglycerides
• increase in lactate production

Question 20

when exercise begins what fuels the muscles?

Answer 20

ATP stored in the muscles

Question 21

What is oxygen deficit?

Answer 21

When the oxygen supply does not equal the demand due to insufficient amounts of oxygen being available in the body.

Question 22

How is the body working during oxygen deficit?

Answer 22

Anaerobically.

Question 23

What is steady state?

Answer 23

When the oxygen supply is equal to demand, usually when the aerobic system is meeting the task.

Question 24

What happens HR, BP, Q and VE in a steady state

Answer 24

They will all plateau

Question 25

What is Excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)?

Answer 25

Also known as oxygen debt, this is the oxygen consumed after exercise that still remains above the amount required for resting levels

Question 26

what is the formula for oxygen debt?

Answer 26

VO2 used during recovery - resting VO2

Question 27

What does the EPOC fast replenishment restore and how long does it take?

Answer 27

This stage primarily restores phosphocreatine(PC) and takes aprox. 2 to 3 minutes.

Question 28

What is the purpose of EPOC slow replenishment?

Answer 28

Its primary concern is to remove lactic acid that has been accumulated through exercise.

Question 29

What is VO2 max

Answer 29

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised in one minute.

Question 30

Describe the relationship between oxygen uptake at rest, during exercise and recovery

Answer 30

Rest: supply equals demand Exercise: increase in uptake to meet the demands of the activity, we often see an oxygen deficit at the start of exercise as oxygen supply does not equal demand. Recovery: The consumption of oxygen to return the body systems to normal resting rate.

Question 31

Why does oxygen supply not equal demand on the onset of exercise, resulting in an oxygen deficit.

Answer 31

This is because the aerobic system which is responsible for transporting oxygen, takes time to become active. Therefore we have to supply our bodies anaerobically which eventually transfers to aerobic.

Question 32

What are some acute responses that enable steady state to be achieved?

Answer 32

Increase in HR, Q, BR, diffusion and distribution of blood flow.

Question 33

What are the acute responses of submaximal exercise

Answer 33

- Reach steady state - Lower O2 deficit and EPOC - HR increase to steady state - Q, SV, TV, VE and diffusion increase - reduction in fuel (glycogen) - increase in body temp - recruitment of more muscle fibres - increase in AVO2 diff and venous return

Question 34

What are the acute responses of maximal exercise

Answer 34

- high O2 deficit and EPOC as more reliant on anaerobic activity - steady state no reached - HR increase to max - SV and TV will decrease - reduction in muscle substrates (ATP, PC) - max recruitment in muscle fibres - increase lactate production - increase in AVO2 diff and venous return.

Question 35

what is vasoconstriction?

Answer 35

this is a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in a decrease in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel

Question 36

what is vasodilation?

Answer 36

this is a increase in the diameter of the blood vessel, resulting in a increase in blood flow to the area supplied by the blood vessel

Question 37

what is stroke volume compared to an untrained individual compared to a trained athlete.

Answer 37

Untrained: 75 mls per beat | trained : 105 mls per beat

Question 38

what is heart rate compared to an untrained individual compared to a trained athlete.

Answer 38

untrained : 82 bpm | trained : 58 bpm

Question 39

how can muscular fatigue occur as a result of acute muscular responses.

Answer 39

muscular fatigue can occur due to the accumulation of lactic acid, this is dependent on ones tolerance to it and how fit they are.